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13 Cards in this Set
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Defining psychological disorders What is psychological disorders? What is: -Psychological dysfunction -Distress -Impairment -Atypical/not culturally expected |
Psychological disorders are: dysfunctional psychological or behaviour patterns that occur in an individual and cause distress or impairment, and are not expected as part of normal development or culture. Psychological Dysfunction: a significant disturbance in cognition, emotional regulation or behaviour Distress: problematic patterns cause the individual distress Impairment: disability in social, occupational or other important activities Atypical/not culturally expected: considered deviant/problematic within cultural context |
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CLINICAL DESCRIPTORS : unique combination of behaviours, thoughts and feelings that makeup a specific disorder. Presentation: Course: Onset: Prevelance vs Incidence: Prognosis: Aetiology: |
Presentation or presenting problem: what first brought client to therapy Course: episodic, time-limited, chronic Onset: acute (quick and urgent) vs insidious (syptoms comes slowly) Prevelance vs Incidence: in population whom present with disorder already VS new cases each year. Prognosis: good, poor, uncertain (likeliness) Aetiology: the cause of psychopathology ( eg. past, genes, environment) |
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HISTORICAL CONCEPTS OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
SUPERNATURAL
The Demonological Model
What was aetiology of psychopathology associated with? What were the treatments? Trepanation Hydrotherapy |
-Mental illness was assumed to stem from magical beings that interfered with the mind. -Aetiological of psychopayhology: associated with devil or witchcraft -Treatments usually lead torture and death for the sufferer such as
trepanation: drilling a hole in skull to release evil spirits. hydrotherapy: submersion in freezing water to shock back to sense. |
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BIOLOGICAL
Medical Model
Hippocrates believed what about health and body and mind? Refer to the medical model 4 humors
What did treatments include? |
He believed that health of body and mind depend on the balance of humors or vital fluids
Lethargic person (tired): excess of phlegm Depression or melancholia: too much black bile Optimistic or sanguine: too much blood Bilious (bad tempered) or choleric: too much yellow bile.
Treatments included bloodletting or purging the digestive tract to restore balance. Increasing emphasis on the need to treat, but also to confine insanity (put them seperate) |
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PSYCHOLOGICAL Moral Therpy
Philippe Pinel William Tuke John Grey Dorothea Dix |
Philippe Pinel: argued for sympathy and kindness. Allowed patients to roam freely in hospital grounds. William Tuke: established York Retreat -small community living in country houses. Family style ethos (rewards for + behaviour and - behaviour ignored) John Grey: understood mental illness to have phsycisl causes, therefore treated physically (rest,diet) Dorothea Dix: Fought for new laws and government funding for treatment of mentally ill. |
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PSYCHOLOGICAL
Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud |
Consious vs Unconsious
Id: -Pleasure principle -Illogical, emotional, irrational
Ego: -Reality principle -Logical and rational -Only consious process
Superego: -Moral principles -Balances Id and Ego |
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Contributions of psychoanalytic theory :Psychosexual stages of development |
-Oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital -Failure to satisfy basic needs/pleasure leads to fixation, which can shape adult personality |
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PSYCHOLOGICAL
Humanistic Theory
Person centred therapy Hierarchy of Needs |
Theoretical constructs
-Person-centred therapy Striving for self actualisation Carl rogers
-Hierarchy of needs Abraham Maslow
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BEHAVIOURISM |
Evidence based practise -Ivan Pavlov - classical conditoning -John B Watson- little baby Albert experiment -B.F skinner- •behaviour operates on environment •behaviour shaping with reinforcements and punishments |
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INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Mutli-dimensional integrative approach: several factors interact to result in development and presentation of psycopathology.
Biological Psychological Social Cultural Development |
Biological: genetics, neuroscience Psychological: behavioural, cognitive, emotional, developmental Social: interpersonal Cultural: contexts in which problems exist Development: affects vulnerability and manifestation of psychopathology |
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How do psychiatric drugs work? What is depression linked to? |
Psychiatric drugs work by affecting the availability of neurotransmitters in the brain. Depression: imbalance in the brain involving irregularities in the functioning of several neurotransmitters, especially serotonin. |
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Diathesis Stress model
What is diathesis |
Diathesis: inherited genetic vulnerability. It is possible to inherit dieathesis and never develop a disorder.
Stressor: enviro conditions that trigger genetic vulnerability
Diathesis: alcoholic Stress: college parties |
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Disruptions in emotional Regulation that can hint psychopathology
Intensity Frequency Duration Congruency |
Intensity: Normal grief which becomes overwhelming may lead to depression Frequency: an inability to shift feelings of sadness may also lead to depression Duration: a sense of loss that persists may differentiate normal grief from depression Congruency- panic attacks may reflect the normal emotion of fear in a context that is not appropriate or adaptive. |
