Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
archetypes (p. 465
|
In Jung’s theory, innate concepts GLOSSARY G-2 and memories (e.g., God, the hero, the good mother); memories that reside in the collective unconscious.
|
|
|
Barnum effect (p. 500
|
The tendency for people to see descriptive statements that apply to most people as uniquely descriptive of themselves.
|
|
|
behavioral assessment (p. 496
|
The measurement of behavior through direct observation and application of a coding system.
|
|
|
behavioral signatures (p. 489
|
Individually consistent ways of responding in particular classes of situations.
|
|
|
behavior-outcome expectancy (p. 488
|
The subjective likelihood that a particular consequence will follow a particular behavior in a given situation.
|
|
|
cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS
|
A model that organizes five “person variables” that account for how a person might respond to a particular situation; the dynamic interplay among these five factors, together with the characteristics of the situation, accounts for individual differences between people, as well as differences in people’s behavior across different situations
|
|
|
collective unconscious (p. 465
|
Jung’s notion of an unconscious that consists of innate ancestral memories.
|
|
|
conditions of worth (p. 472
|
Internalized standards for self-worth fostered by conditional positive regard from others.
|
|
|
congruence (p. 471
|
Consistency between self- perceptions and experience.
|
|
|
defense mechanisms (p. 463
|
Unconscious processes that help us cope with anxiety and the pain of traumatic experiences. Defense mechanisms prevent the expression of anxietyarousing impulses or allow them to appear in disguised forms.
|
|
|
ego (p. 462
|
The “executive” of the personality that is partly conscious and that mediates between the impulses of the id, the prohibitions of the superego, and the dictates of reality.
|
|
|
Electra complex (p. 464
|
The female version of the Oedipus complex in which the female child experiences erotic feelings toward her father, desires to possess him sexually, and views her mother as a rival.
|
|
|
empirical approach (p. 497
|
An approach to test construction in which items (regardless of their content) are chosen that differentiate between two groups that are known to differ on a particular personality variable.
|
|
|
factor analysis (p. 475
|
A statistical technique that permits a researcher to reduce a large number of measures to a small number of clusters or factors; it identifies the clusters of behavior or test scores that are highly correlated with one another.
|
|
|
fixation (p. 464
|
A state of arrested development due to unresolved conflicts at a particular earlier psychosexual stage.
|
|
|
fully functioning persons (p. 472
|
Rogers’s term for self-actualized people who are free from unrealistic conditions of worth and who exhibit congruence, spontaneity, creativity, and a desire to develop still further.
|
|
|
gender schemas (p. 493
|
Organized mental structures that contain our understanding of the attributes and behaviors that are appropriate and expected for males and females.
|
|
|
id (p. 462
|
The primitive and unconscious part of the personality that contains the instincts.
|
|
|
internal-external locus of control (p. 484
|
In Rotter’s theory, a generalized expectancy that one’s outcomes are under personal versus external control.
|
|
|
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2
|
A widely used personality test whose items were developed using the empirical approach of comparing various kinds of psychiatric patients with a nonpsychiatric sample.
|
|
|
need for positive regard (p. 471
|
In Rogers’s personality theory, an innate need to be positively evaluated by significant others, which enhances survival potential and need satisfaction.
|
|
|
need for positive self-regard (p. 472
|
In Rogers’s personality theory, the psychological need to feel positively about oneself that underlies self-enhancement behaviors.
|
|
|
neoanalytic theorists (p. 464
|
Former followers of Freud, such as Adler and Jung, who developed their own psychodynamic theories that generally de-emphasized psychosexual factors in favor of social ones and gave increased emphasis to ego functioning
|
|
|
NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI
|
An objective personality test that measures the Big Five personality factors of extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and openness to experience.
|
|
|
object relations theories (p. 465
|
The view that people form images or mental representations of themselves and other people as a result of early experiences with caregivers.
|
|
|
Oedipus complex (p. 464
|
The male child experiences erotic feelings toward his mother, desires to possess her sexually, and views his father as a rival
|
|
|
personal constructs (p. 470
|
In George Kelly’s personality theory, the cognitive categories used to sort events and make comparisons among people and events.
|
|
|
personality (p. 460
|
Those biologically and environmentally determined characteristics within the person that account for distinctive and relatively enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting.
|
|
|
personality traits (p. 475
|
Relatively stable cognitive, emotional, and behavioral characteristics that help establish people’s individual identities.
|
|
|
personal unconscious (p. 465
|
According to Jung, those aspects of the unconscious that arise from the individual’s life experiences.
|
|
|
phenomenology (p. 469
|
A philosophical approach that focuses on immediate subjective experience.
|
|
|
pleasure principle (p. 462
|
The drive for instant need gratification that is characteristic of the id.
|
|
|
projective tests (p. 498
|
Tests, such as the Rorschach and the Thematic Apperception Test, that present ambiguous stimuli to the subject; the responses are assumed to be based on a projection of internal characteristics of the person onto the stimuli.
|
|
|
psychosexual stages (p. 464
|
Stages of development in which psychic energy is focused on certain body parts. The major childhood stages are the oral, anal, and phallic stages; experiences during these stages are assumed to shape personality development.
|
|
|
rational-theoretical approach (p. 497
|
An approach to test construction in which test items are made up on the basis of a theorist’s conception of a construct.
|
|
|
reality principle (p. 462
|
The ego’s tendency to take reality factors into account and to act in a rational fashion in need satisfaction.
|
|
|
reciprocal determinism (p. 483
|
Bandura’s model of two-way causal relations between the person, behavior, and the environment.
|
|
|
regression (p. 464
|
A psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which a person retreats to an earlier stage of development in response to stress.
|
|
|
remote behavior sampling (p. 496
|
A method of collecting samples of behavior from respondents as they live their daily lives.
|
|
|
repression (p. 463
|
The basic defense mechanism that actively keeps anxiety-arousing material in the unconscious.
|
|
|
Role Construct Repertory (Rep) Test (p. 470
|
The technique developed by personality psychologist Kelly to assess people’s personal constructs by asking them to describe the ways in which people resemble and differ from one another.
|
|
|
Rorschach test (p. 498
|
A projective technique involving the interpretation of inkblots that is used by psychodynamic psychologists to assess perceptual and psychodynamic aspects of personality.
|
|
|
self (p. 471
|
In Rogers’s theory, an organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself.
|
|
|
self-actualization (p. 471
|
In humanistic theories, an inborn tendency to strive toward the realization of one’s full potential.
|
|
|
self-consistency (p. 471
|
An absence of conflict among self-perceptions.
|
|
|
self-efficacy (p. 485
|
The conviction that we can perform the behaviors necessary to produce a desired outcome.
|
|
|
self-enhancement (p. 474
|
Processes whereby one enhances positive self-regard.
|
|
|
self-esteem (p. 473
|
How positively or negatively we feel about ourselves.
|
|
|
self-monitoring (p. 478
|
A personality trait that reflects people’s tendencies to regulate their social behavior in accord with situational cues, as opposed to internal values, attitudes, and needs.
|
|
|
self-regulation processes (p. 488
|
In social-cognitive theory, skills that allow for personal control over one’s thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.
|
|
|
self-verification (p. 473
|
The tendency to try to verify or validate one’s existing self-concept (i.e., to satisfy congruence needs).
|
|
|
social-cognitive theory (p. 483
|
A cognitive behavioral approach to personality developed by Bandura and Mischel that emphasizes the role of social learning, cognitive processes, and self-regulation.
|
|
|
structured interview (p. 495
|
A standardized interview protocol in which specific questions are asked.
|
|
|
sublimation (p. 463
|
The channeling of unacceptable impulses into socially accepted behaviors, as when aggressive drives are expressed in violent sports.
|
|
|
superego (p. 462
|
In psychonalysis, the moral arm of the personality that internalizes the standards and values of society and serves as the person’s conscience.
|
|
|
temperament (p. 481
|
A biologically based general style of reacting emotionally and behaviorally to the environment.
|
|
|
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT
|
A projective personality test in which people make up stories in response to pictures.
|
|
|
threat (p. 471
|
In Rogers’s theory, any experience we have that is inconsistent with our self- concept, including our perceptions of our own behavior. Threat evokes anxiety.
|
|
|
unconditional positive regard (p. 472
|
A communicated attitude of total and unconditional acceptance of another person that conveys the person’s intrinsic worth.
|
