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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Personality Disorders
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Long-standing, pervasive, inflexible patterns of behaviour and inner experience
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Personality Disorders Clusters
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CLUSTER A: odd/eccentric
CLUSTER B: dramatic/eccentric CLUSTER C: appear fearful |
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Cluster A
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Paranoid
Schizoid Schizotypal |
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Cluster B
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Anti-social
Borderline Narcissistic Histrionic |
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Cluster C
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Avoidant
Dependent Obsessive-compulsive |
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Paranoid PD Characteristics
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Suspicious of others
Expect to be mistreated or exploited by others Reluctant to confide in others Tend to blame others Can be extremely jealous |
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Prevalence of Paranoid PD
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About 1%
More common in men |
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Schizoid PD Characteristics
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No desire for or enjoyment of social relationships
Appear dull, bland, and aloof Experience few pleasurable activities Indifferent to praise and criticism |
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Prevalence of Schizoid PD
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Less than 1%
Slightly more common in men |
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Schizotypal PD Characteristics
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Odd beliefs or magical thinking
Recurrent illusions Odd speech Suspiciousness Eccentric behaviour and appearance |
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Prevalence of Schizotypal PD
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About 3%
Slightly more common in men |
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Etiology of Cluster A
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Genetically linked to schizophrenia
History of PTSD and childhood maltreatment |
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Borderline PD Characteristics
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Impulsivity and instability in relationships, mood, and self-image
Emotions are erratic and shift abruptly Argumentative, irritable, sarcastic, quick to take offence |
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Prevalence of Borderline PD
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1-2%
More common in women |
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Etiology of Borderline PD
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Biological evidence
Linehan's diathesis-stress theory Object-relations theory |
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Therapies for Borderline PDs
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Object-relations psychotherapy
Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) |
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Four modules of DBT
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Mindfulness (observe, describe, participate)
Interpersonal Effectiveness (assertiveness and interpersonal problem solving) Distress Tolerance (learning to bear pain skilfully) Emotional Regulation (identifying and labelling emotions, increasing positive emotional events) |
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Histrionic PD Characteristics
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Overly dramatic and attention-seeking
Use physical appearance to draw attention Display emotion extravagantly Inappropriately sexually provocative and seductive Speech may be impressionistic and lacking in detail |
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Prevalence of Histrionic PD
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2-3%
More common among women |
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Narcissistic PD Characteristics
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Grandiose view of own uniqueness and abilities
Preoccupied with fantasies of great success Lack empathy Arrogant, exploitative, entitled |
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Prevalence of Narcissism PD
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< 1%
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Antisocial PD Characteristics
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Conduct disorder present before age 15
Pattern of antisocial behaviour continues in adulthood Irresponsible and antisocial behaviour Irritable Physically aggressive Impulsive and fail to plan ahead |
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Prevalence of Antisocial PD
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3% adult men
1% of women |
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Psychopathy Characteristics
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Poverty of emotions (both positive and negative)
Lack of remorse No sense of shame Superficially charming Manipulates others for personal gain Lack of anxiety! |
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Therapy for Psychopathy
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Pretty much impossible to treat
Unable to form trusting, honest bonds with therapists Biological treatments inefficient (only reduce hostility) |
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Difference between antisocial PD and psychopathy
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All psychopaths are diagnosed with APD, but many people with APD do not meet criteria for psychopathy
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What's the Hare PCL-R?
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Created by Hare, Robert from UBC
Worldwide consultant for psychopathy Hare PCL-R = Hare psychopathy check list revised |
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Etiology of APD and Psychopathy
Childhood Roots |
Psychopathic personality in adolescence predicts antisocial behaviour in adulthood
Abnormal prefrontal cortex responsiveness |
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Etiology of APD and Psychopathy
Role of the Family |
Lack of affection
Severe parental rejection Physical abuse Inconsistencies in disciplining Failure to teach child responsibility toward others |
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Etiology of APD and Psychopathy
Emotion and Psychopathy |
Unresponsive to punishments (no conditioned fear responses)
Have lower than normal levels of skin conductance in resting situations Increased heart rate |
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Etiology of APD and Psychopathy
Response Modulation, Impulsivity, and Psychopathy |
Slow brain waves and spikes in the temporal area
Less activity in the amygdala/hippocampal formation Decreased prefrontal activity |
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Avoidant PD Characteristics
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Fearful in social situations
Sensitive to possibility of criticism, rejection, disapproval Reluctant to enter relationships unless sure to be liked |
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Dependent PD Characteristics
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Overly dependent on others
Intense need to be taken care of Uncomfortable when alone More common in women |
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Obsessive-Compulsive PD
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Perfectionistic approach to life
Preoccupied with details, rules, schedules, etc Serious, rigid, formal, inflexible Does not include obsessions/compulsions of OCD 1% prevalence |
