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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Behaviourism |
Focus on how a specific stimulus produces a specific response (behaviour). (Study of behavior as a function of environmental influences) John Watson & B.F Skinner |
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Habituation |
Repeated exposure to stimulus decreases responsiveness to stimulus |
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Sensitization |
Exposure to stimulus increases responsiveness to stimulus. |
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Classical Conditioning |
Neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits and unconditioned response. After repetition the NS can elicit the response w/o the US, and becomes a conditioned stimulus & response becomes a conditioned response. E.g., Pavlov's dogs. |
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Types of Classical Conditioning |
The order in which the US and NS are presented can be varied. -forward -simultaneous -backward |
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Biological Preparedness |
-food aversion due to smell / tase of dangerous foods |
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Stimulus generalisation |
CR tends to be elicited by neutral stimuli that are similar but not identical to CS |
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Stimulus discrimination |
CR tends to be elicited only by stimuli that are very simular or identical to CS |
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Extinction |
CR becomes eliminated through repeated presentations of the CS w/o presence of US |
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Spontaneous recovery |
CS once again elicits CR after extinction has occurred. Because CR is reestablished rapidly as soon as it's paired with the US |
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Drug conditioning |
US causes compensatory response as it's paired with other cues. Cues can then elicit the compensatory response |
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Pyschoneuroimmunology |
Study of how psychology related to event a involving nervous and immune systems |
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Law of Effect |
If response produces a satisfying effect it is likely to occur again. E.g., Thorndike's cats |
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Operant conditioning |
Focus on behaviors that have some effect (operate) on the environment. B.F. Skinner - punishment/reinforcement, negative/positive |
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Three term contingency (ABC) |
Antecedent - Behaviour - Consequence |
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ABC - Antecedent |
Conditions that are in place when operant behaviour occurs. Stimuli that are present when behaviour is reinforced/punished = discriminative stimulus |
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ABC - Behaviour |
Interested in function, not form. What effect does the behaviour have on the environment. |
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ABC - Consequence |
Reinforcer or publisher Can be positive or negative Must describe effect on behaviour (inc or dec likelihood of it occurring again) |
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Extinction burst |
Temporary increase in the frequency, duration, or intensity oof the target response, before extinction happens |
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Schedules of reinforcement |
Continuous - response is reinforced every time it occurs Intermittent - response is reinforced intermittently |
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Schedules of reinforcement - Intermittent |
-variable ratio -fixed ratio -variable interval -fixed interval |
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Cognitive psychology, cognition |
Study of cognitive processes . Cognition=mental processes of perceiving, remembering, thinking, discussing, and understanding those processes |
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3 assumptions of modern cognitive psych. |
1. Mental processes can be studied scientifically 2. Humans are intentional, active information processors 3. Mental processes take time and have resource and structural limitations |
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Shaping |
Reinforcing behaviour progressively closer to target behaviour through successive approximations. |
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Satisficing |
Not making the absolute best decisions, settling for those that are satisfactory Herbert Simon won Nobel prize |
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Iconic memory |
Temporary visual storage that keeps information for about 250msec before it begins to decay |
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Echoic memory |
Auditory sensory memory |
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Attention |
Transfers information into conscious awareness. Can be selective or automatic |
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Automaticity |
Automatic task interferes with your ability to per from the non automatic task, e.g. stroop effect |
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Short term memory |
Limited capacity of conscious and voluntary control |
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Elaborative rehearsal |
Active process to change information so it can be remembered, e.g. mnemonics (i before e except after c) |
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Elaboration & Effort Distinctiveness |
The more elaborate or more effort spent encoding information, the better the memory. Unusual or distinctive items are better remembered. |
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Organisation |
Humans impose their own organisation when to structure is present. |
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Long term memory |
Very organised large capacity memory system |
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Procedural memory |
Implicit knowledge, requires no awareness e.g. riding a bicycle |
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Damage to hippocampus |
Results in retrograde amnesia and inability to form new declarative memories (anterograde amnesia) |
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Heuristics and biases |
People take shortcuts in making decisions based on their past experiences |
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Explicit memory |
A memory about an emotion (remembering how you felt in the past) |
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Implicit memory |
An emotional memory of an event, memory elicits emotional response. |
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Amygdala |
Emotion processing centre of the brain. Triggers an emotional reaction rapidly. |
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Galvanic skin response |
Prominent during emotional arousal, increased electrical conductivity of skin occurring when sweat glands increase their activity. |
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Positive Psych - 6 Core Virtues |
Wisdom/knowledge, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, transcendence. |
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James-Lange Theory |
We consciously experience emotion when we perceive our own autonomic arousal. |
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Cannon-Bard Theory |
We simultaneously feel emotion and experience autonomic arousal. |
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Scachter two factor theory |
Experience of emotion depends on: 1. Autonomic arousal 2. Cognitive interpretation of that arousal (our appraisal of stimulus) |
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Drive theories |
Disruptions to homeostasis produce drives that motivate us to reduce this tension. |
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Expectancy-Value theory |
Goal directed behaviour is determined by both - how strongly a person expects that behaviour to lead to a goal - the value of that goal for the person |
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Key feature of mental disorder |
The extent to which it is maladaptive |
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Bio-psycho-social perspective |
Assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psyhcoligical factors combine to produce psychological disorders. |
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DSM-5 |
Standard classification system for mental disorders. |
