Psyc Notes Post Midterm 2

Front 1

three stage model of memory

Back 1

sensory memory

short-term memory

long-term memory

Front 2

sensory memory

Back 2

1-2 seconds

-larger than what we originally thought

Front 3

short-term memory

Back 3

lasts 20-30 seconds

-4-5 items +or- 2, title of an article that claimed it was 7, but it is wrong

Front 4

long-term memory

Back 4

-unlimited duration

-unlimited storage

Front 5

photographic memory is probably only people who have ______________

Back 5

synesthesia

Front 6

primacy effect

Back 6

when given a list people mostly remember the first 4-5

Front 7

recency effect

Back 7

when given a list people mostly remember the last 4-5

Front 8

when given a task to do for 30 seconds in between a list test, the _________ effect is still there, but the __________ effect is gone

Back 8

primacy

recency

Front 9

role of context

Back 9

knowing the context allows for people to learn better

Front 10

two components of long term memory

Back 10

1) explicit or declarative memory

2) implicit or procedural memory

Front 11

explicit or declarative memory

Back 11

-facts (semantic 2+2=4) and events (episodic remember where you were when you learned how to tie your shoes)

Front 12

implicit or procedural memories

Back 12

-how to do something eg: memory of how to tie your shoe laces

Front 13

list of how long-term memories changes in predictable ways

Back 13

1) details are lost

2) stereotypes are introduced (eg: pilot being switched to male from female)

3) details added

4) memories made more familiar (terrorist group being classified as one we know)

5) go from relative to absolute (remember story about tallest person in class)

6)constructive (memory makes more sense)

7) Modernize (story about type writer turns into computer)

Front 14

false memories

Back 14

episodic memories for events that never occurred.

Front 15

can you implant false memories?

Back 15

Yes. by using certain adjectives when asking someone a question

Front 16

3 things to improve your memory for exams

Back 16

1) motivation

2) learning of material

3) performance

Front 17

motivation for exams

Back 17

-use reinforcement schedule

-create sub-groups

-record behavior (write down what you have done)

Front 18

learning of material for exams

Back 18

-distributed vs cramming

-chunking (take individual units and combine them into meaningful clusters)

-release from PI (proactive interference) mix up the courses that you are studying.

-study at night

-activate processing

-levels of processing

-mnemonics (using locations to improve our memory and key word system)

Front 19

Performance for exams

Back 19

-context specific (will test better if you are tested in the same place where you learned the content

-state dependent (if you study when you are hyped on caffeine then you should take the test in the same state)

-stress (be used to the stressful situation)

Front 20

memories for commercials

Back 20

1)repetition (4 better than 1)

2)spacing (not back to back)

3)serial position (first is remembered best)

4) vividness (tv > radio > newspaper, not important for elderly)

Front 21

infantile amnesia

Back 21

inability to recall episodic memories from the first 3-5 years of life

Front 22

4 explanations for infantile amnesia

Back 22

1) developmental: cells develop over top one another eg: headless worm experiment

2) retrieval: use language to retrieve memory

3) masking: new dendrites mask old dendrites

4) state dependent (cues): have to be in the same state as you were as a child

Front 23

positive psychology

Back 23

psychology about what is right about you and how to improve it.

Front 24

10 reasons why research in happiness is important

Back 24

1) improvement in immune system

2) associated with health

3) increased career success

4) improved investment returns

5) better relationships

6) enhanced forgiveness

7) increased tolerance

8) increased creativity

9) longer life

10) how we are judged by others increases

Front 25

5 ways to measure happiness

Back 25

1) biological (low levels of serotonin correlated with depression)

2) implicit (hidden, reaction times)

3) behavioural measure (smile laugh)

4) other reports (have other around you report the same as you yourself)

5) self-report

Front 26

How NOT to become happier

Back 26

-buying happiness

-winning the lottery (only happy 2-3 month after winning)

-no relation between happiness and family income for children

-no correlation between education and happiness

Front 27

happiness and beauty

Back 27

not linked to happiness even though there is many social benefits to it.

Front 28

beauty advantages

Back 28

-judged as smarter

-better job success (more promotions)

-even newborns prefer good-looking people (works for chickens as well)

Front 29

fast food symbols

Back 29

increase reading speeds and preference for time-saving devices

-savoring decreases

-no difference if you eat fast food off of a plate or a container

Front 30

are major life circumstances more important to happiness or the little things more important

Back 30

little things more important

Front 31

life satisfaction and age

Back 31

have little to no difference

-low dip at late 30's and increase after 65 (retirement)

Front 32

happiness and having children

Back 32

-having children won't make you happy, but unplanned and young people that have children are less happy.

Front 33

what contributes to happiness

Back 33

-Genetics (40-50% attributed to inheritance)

Front 34

psychological characteristics of happy people

Back 34

-have friends

-extraverts

-trust others

-optimistic

-conscientious (set high goals and achieve them)

-personal control

-high self-esteem

Front 35

Leisure

Back 35

-active leisure increases

-passive leisure (computer use and playing video games are less happy)

Front 36

sports and happiness

Back 36

-exercise increases happiness more than we forecast

-exercise in nature is best

Front 37

vacations and happiness

Back 37

-take photos to help be mindful and later reminisce

-go with others

-take more trips

-both anticipation and reminiscing increase happiness

-avoid debt

-not too many activities and best ones at the end

-relaxed vacations increase happiness more than activities

-satisfaction with holiday differs with culture

Front 38

drugs and happiness

Back 38

-marijuana and happiness

-negative consequences are important but not frequency or amounts

-longitudinal studies suggest that low levels of happiness predict future drug use

-early drug use does not predict future happiness

Front 39

spirituality

Back 39

neglected in adults

-4-5% of your happiness is linked to spirituality

Front 40

four components of spirituality

Back 40

1) personal meaning

2) connecting with others

3) transcendence -believe in something greater than you can touch

4) nature

Front 41

friends and family

Back 41

critical components of happiness

-marriage

-children

-dementia and social support

-acquired brain injury

Front 42

how to nurture relationships

Back 42

1) ask questions and really listen

2) never miss an opportunity to compliment

3) Never miss a chance to celebrate success

4) notice something different

5) limit e-social connecting

Front 43

does volunteering increase happines

Back 43

-doing it once a year increases it like going from 20k-30k/year,

-weekly is like going from 20k-80k/year

-must be intrinsically motivated

Front 44

counting acts of kindness better than

Back 44

anti depression drugs

Front 45

spending money on _____________things is better than speding money on ___________ things

Back 45

small

large

Front 46

learning

Back 46

a relatively permanent change in behaviour as a function of cognitive experience

Front 47

three types of learning

Back 47

1) non associative

2) insturmental or operant conditioning

3) classical conditioning

Front 48

Non-associative learning

Back 48

1) habituation (cant hear an alarm clock or waves after a long time)

2) sensitization (loud bang makes you on edge, react at a greater level)

3) imprinting

Front 49

Instrumental learning

Back 49

1) positive reinforcement

2) positive punishment

3) negative reinforcement

4) negative punishment

Front 50

instinctive drift

Back 50

learned behaviour tends to gravitate toward natural response despite that the procedure does not change

eg: raccoons and piggy banks

Front 51

four schedules of reinforcement

Back 51

1) fixed ratio (predictable based on number of responses)

2) variable ratio (not predictable and based on number of responses)

3) fixed interval (predictable based on time interval

4) variable interval (not predictable based on time interval

Front 52

superstitious behaviour (instrumental conditioning)

Back 52

by chance when you step und a ladder something bad happens

Front 53

acquisition

Back 53

procedure = CS followed by US

result = development of a CS

Front 54

extinction

Back 54

procedure = CS no longer followed by US

result = loss of CS