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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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characteristics of health compromising behaviours |
1) window of vulnerability in adolescence 2) peer culture 3) behaviours are pleasurable, but dangerous 4) behaviours develop gradually 5) substance abuse predicted by similar factors i.e. conflict with parents, poor self-control --> to cope with stress 6) larger social structures (attitudes, social class) |
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substance dependance |
repeated administration of the drug --> tolerance, withdrawal, compulsive behaviour |
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physical dependance |
state when body has adjusted to substance, and incorporates its use into normal body functioning. often involves tolerance |
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tolerance |
process by which body increasingly adapts to the substance, requiring larger and larger doses to obtain same effects |
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craving |
strong desire for a substance or behaviour seems to result form physical dependance & conditioning (i.e. environmental cues) |
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addiction |
when a person is physically or psychological dependant on a substance |
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withdrawal |
unpleasant symptoms that are experienced when ppl stop using substance they've become dependant on |
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costs of substance abuse in Canada |
39.8 billion smoking: 43% alcohol: 37% illegal drug use: 20% |
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harm reduction |
= an approach that focuses on the risks and consequences of substance use rather than on the use itself --> eliminating substance use completely = unrealistic, so focus should be on minimizing the social and physical harm associated with it |
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harm reduction at community level |
methadone maintenance & needle exchange programs Canada's 1st safe injection site = Insite, 2003, Vancouver --> ppl using this facility are 70% less likely to share needles --> 35% reduction in fatal overdoses in the area |
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How much of the Canadian population (15-64 years) consumed marijuana in 2011? |
9.1% |
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past year use of marijuana among youth (15-24 years) is about _____ times the national average |
3 times the national average |
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how much of the worldwide adult population used an illicit drug in 2010? how much of the Canadian adult population used an illicit drug in 2008? |
worldwide: 3.4 - 6.3% Canada: 12% |
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marijuana vs. cigarettes |
marijuana: -more tar -more cancer causing chemicals |
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4 main classes of illicit drugs |
opiates (i.e. heroin) cocaine cannabis --> most widely used amphetamine like stimulants (i.e. ecstasy) |
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cannabis users worldwide |
119-224 million cannabis users worldwide |
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drugs |
= psychoactive substances impact cognitive and affective processes and alter behaviour when ingested |
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Ritalin, Valium, OxyContin, Demerol |
= psychoactive prescription drugs Ritalin = stimulant Valium = sedative OxyContin, Demerol = pain killers (opioids) 21% of Ontario students 12-19years used prescription drugs in last year |
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leading causes of preventable death |
1) tobacco 2) improper diet & exercise 3) alcohol |
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Alcohol causes more than ____ deaths a year |
8000 |
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____% of Canadians exceed drinking guidelines |
20% |
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When did Canada introduce low-risk drinking guidelines? |
2011 |
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low-risk drinking guidelines |
female: max 10 drinks/week max 2 drinks/day male: max 15 drinks/week max 3 drinks/day |
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alcoholism was recognized as a disease by ____ in ___ |
American Medical Association 1957 |
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fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) |
= group of disorders, congenital damage to CNS results from prenatal alcohol exposure includes fetal alcohol syndrome |
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costs of alcohol abuse in Canada |
14.6 billion |
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alcoholism |
= when someone is physically addicted to alcohol --> signs of dependancy withdrawal symptoms high alcohol tolerance inability to control drinking |
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problem drinking |
drinking levels that may be harmful, but do not involve physical addiction |
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factors associated with problem drinking and alcoholism (to different degrees) |
daily use of alcohol inability to cut down repeated efforts to control drinking binge drinking memory loss cont'd drinking despite health issues consuming non-beverage alcohol |
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genetic factors are implicated in ____ % of vulnerabilities that lead to alcoholism |
50% |
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which gender is more at risk for alcoholism? |
males |
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2 windows of vulnerability for alcohol use |
1) adolescence 2) late middle age (to manage stress?) |
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alcoholics with low SES have success rates of quitting of _______ alcoholics with high SES have success rates of quitting of _______ |
18% or less 68% |
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men with high self efficacy were ____ likely to consume high levels of alcohol |
less |
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Alcoholics Anonymous |
founded 1935 in Ohio 2 million members worldwide (95 000 in Canada) Concept of self-help Alcoholism = disease that can be managed but not cured --> recovery depends completely on staying sober AA says 2 out of 3 ppl have been able to quit using their program important elements: 1) religious conversion experience, new way of life 2) commitment to other members 3) affection & social relationships 4) meaning & purpose |
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AA is significant because |
1) one of earliest alcohol related self-help programs, model for other organizations 2) it has demonstrated that alcoholism is not 'unchangeable' |
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treatment for alcoholism |
broad spectrum cognitive behavioural therapy goal = decrease alcohol's reinforcing properties, teach new alternative behaviours, modify environment 1st phase = detoxification Then: short-term inpatient treatment (10-60 days, average = 28 days) Then: long-term outpatient treatment |
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behaviour modification techniques |
self-monitoring contingency contracting motivational enhancement procedures (i.e. feedback) relaxation, social skills, assertiveness - training |
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medications for alcoholism |
Naltrexone blocks opioid receptors --> weakening alcohol's rewarding effects requires patients to keep taking drug on their own |
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Relapse prevention |
relapse rates at 2-4 years after treatment = 50% or more more than 50% of treated patients relapse within first 3 months after treatment understanding that occasional relapse is normal may protect against the negative effects relapse may have on self-efficacy |
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____% of Canadian University students are 'heavy drinkers' ____% of Canadian University students engage in 'occasional binge drinking' |
16% 41% |
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Lang & Marlatt's program for control over drinking |
uses techniques from attitude-change research & CBT |
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behavioural vs. pharmacological treatment for alcohol abuse |
50% of students open to behavioural ones only 25% open to pharmacological ones |
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drinking in moderation |
moderation management (MM) 9-step treatment program 3 core principles: 1) goal setting 2) self-monitoring 3) self-control may be more realistic? (total abstinence programs usually have high dropout rates) tends to attract non-dependant drinkers |
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techniques to avoid drunk driving |
limit drinking designated driver taxi or public transport delaying driving |
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beneficial effects of moderate alcohol intake |
reduced risk of heart failure/attack reduced risk of stroke among elderly lower blood pressure more good cholesterol (HDL) less thickening of arteries with age BUT in younger populations, moderate drinking increases risk of death (alcohol related injuries)! |
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SYNERGISTIC |
= enhances the impact ofother risk factors in compromising health |
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TheNature of Addiction in Smoking |
Nicotine Fixed-Effect Theory Reward centers in CNS Nicotine Regulation Theory Smoking regulates nicotine in body Multiple Regulation Theory Emotional factors are central;conditioned states Pomerleau and Pomerleau’sTheory Smoking as a neuroregulator; regulates performance and affect |
