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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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stress moderators |
individual differences & individual circumstances they modify how stress is experienced and the effect that it has |
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coping |
= the thoughts and behaviours used to manage the internal and external demands of situations that are appraised as stressful relationship between coping and a stressful event = dynamic process coping = series of transactions between person and environment coping is not a one-time action, but rather a set of responses many different kinds (breadth) |
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personality and coping |
negative effectivity pessimism perfectionism ______________________________ optimism self-compassion gratitude psychological control self-esteem conscientiousness |
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negative effectivity |
pervasive negative mood marked by anxiety, depression and hostility = strongly related to 'neuroticism' related to poor health, i.e. alcohol dependance, depression and suicide Friedman and Booth-kewly (1987) found weak nut consistent relations between negative emotion and a variety of illnesses increased cortisol secretion can also create false impression of poor health (related to more complaints, but not more objective illness-measures. also related to more medical care seeking) |
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procrastination |
80-95 % of students procrastinate 50% procrastinate consistently How do such "behavioural patterns" affect health? 1) direct route: tendency to experience stress (alters endocrine and adrenocortical activity) 2) indirect route: behavioural path, personality associated with: higher stress, poor wellness, delays in seeking medical care, health problems, also less self-compassion --> these health problems are probably induced by the increased stress |
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low self-compassion |
= taking a self-critical and judgemental stance toward one's failures |
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pessimism |
= tendency to habitually appraise one's current circumstances in a negative, unhopeful way -> related to poor health -pessimism in early adulthood related to poor health later in life -reduced immunocompetence: poor functioning cell-mediated immunity -low SES debate: relatively stable trait OR learned explanatory style pessimistic explanatory style = tendency to habitually explain the negative events in their lives in terms of internal, stable, global characteristics |
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perfectionism |
= multidimensional construct that can take many forms linked to several negative health outcomes, i.e. migraines, chronic pain and asthma socially prescribed perfectionism = belief that others hold unrealistically high standards for their behaviour --> linked to poor health (link might be stress) self-oriented perfectionism = tendency to set high personal standards that motivate achievement --> NOT linked to poor health |
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optimism |
= the general expectancy that good (not bad) things will happen in the future Scheier & Carver's "Life Orientation Test" (LOT) = linked to good health How? via more adaptive coping strategies (i.e. seeking social support, positively reinterpreting events, positive mood, being more proactive towards their health) Optimists use more problem-focused coping & less denial! |
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being an optimist protects against? |
high BP heart disease (in older men) lung cancer depression chemo side-effects illness related disruption of social/recreational life |
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self compassion |
= treating oneself with kindness, feeling connected with humanity, being mindfully aware of distressing experiences may act as buffer against stress seems most beneficial in times of suffering/challenge/personal failures (helps diffuse negative self-evaluation, self-criticisms, self-blame) is linked to adaptive responses to PTSD, age and HIV related stress the link might be the types of coping strategies, self-regulation (see below) or lowering negat. affect while enhancing posit. affect) |
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self compassion VS self-esteem |
Both are linked to wellbeing (i.e. coping and less stress) However, self-compassion is "better" because it provides greater emotional resilience than self-esteem |
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self compassion and self-regulation |
self compassion may 'translate' into self-regulation: --> via "freeing up" of self-regulatory resources that would otherwise be tied up in self-blame etc. self-compassion linked to seeking medical care sooner. Self-regulation only partly explained this. lowering negat. affect while enhancing posit. affect) |
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gratitude |
having an orientation towards noticing and appreciating the positive in life = a dispositional trait = internal coping resource related to wellbeing and reduced stress related to positive coping styles, more social support, better sleep (more sleep promoting positive cognitions) |
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psychological control |
= belief that one can determine one's own behaviour, influence one's environment and bring about desired outcomes = closely related to "self-efficacy" (= the more narrow perspective, that one has ability to enact necessary actions in order to achieve desired outcome) |
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self-esteem |
high self-esteem students, less likely to be upset in response to stress students with affirmed important personal values (previously wrote about values important to them) had lower cortisol stress-responses |
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conscientiousness |
makes one more likely to live into old age maybe because they are better at avoiding potentially harmful situations |
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health-prone personality |
characterized by: sense of control self-compassion optimism gratitude resilience |
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coping style |
= general propensity to deal with stress in a particular way = like personality traits (general way of behaving), but more specific (only come into play when stressed) approach (confrontative/vigilant) coping style VS avoidant (minimzing) coping style |
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approach coping style VS avoidant coping style |
neither is more effective approach = more effective if one's focus is on presently available information instead of one's emotion and whether actions can be taken to reduce the stress -good for long-term, but may produce anxiety in short term |
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the avoider/minimizer may deal _____ with trip to dentist, but cope _____ with ongoing job stress the vigilant coper ....? |
the avoider/minimizer may deal well with trip to dentist, but cope poorly with ongoing job stress vigilant = opposite! |
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which coping style is successful depends on |
long term (approach) vs short term (avoidant) short term threats --> avoidance works but if they become long-term --> approach is needed |
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studies of short-term threats may have _________ how unsuccessful avoidant coping strategies are |
underestimated --> approach coping: beneficial outcomes --> avoidant coping: adverse outcomes |
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coping strategies looking at the target of the coping efforts: |
problem-focused coping emotion-focused coping --> typically ppl us both! |
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problem-focused coping |
= attempts to do sth constructive about the stressful event --> develops in early childhood |
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emotion-focused coping |
= attempts to regulate emotions experienced because of the stressful event --> develops in late childhood & early adolescence 2 types: a) emotional distress, i.e. rumination (= negat. recurrent thoughts) -> adverse effects b) emotional-approach coping (= clarifying, focusing on, and working through the emotions) -> beneficial effects (chronic conditions, women) |
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when will emotion or problem focused problem solving be used? |
nature of stressful event: a) work-related problems --> problem focused coping b) health problems --> emotion focused coping SO: situations that one can do sth about --> problem focused coping, while situations that need to be acceped --> emotion focused coping |
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why is emotion focused coping so successful? |
1) soothing effect on stress regulatory systems 2) promotes affirmation of self and identity |
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specific coping |
how ppl cope in specific situations a) COPE measure: assesses specific coping strategies ppl use to deal with stressful events looks at things like acceptance, humour, religion, substance us b) or a more microscopic view: Stone and Neale developed a measure for daily coping used in studies to find out how changes in coping on a day-to-day basis |
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coping flexibility |
= being able to discontinue an ineffective coping strategy and switch to a more adaptive one associated with health benefits |
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external coping resources |
i.e. time, money, education, standard of living, friends, family, presence of posit. life events and absence of other stressors from ppl going through a divorce, those with more income, education and friends experienced less distress one of the most potent ones = SES |
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external coping resource: other life stressors, act as _________ |
resource-depleter --> ppl with multiple stressors will have fewer resources to cope with a new one |
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sources of resilience |
posit life events posit. emotions (gratitude, love) good mood opportunities for: rest, relaxation, renewal --> different "savouring" strategies, i.e. describing or celebrating posit. life events with others |
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the restful event of "taking a vacation" seems especially beneficial to ? |
middle aged men at risk for heart disease |
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define psychological resilience |
the ability to bounce back form negative emotional experiences and by adapting flexibly to the changing demands of stressful experiences may not only depend on internal but also external resources like SES |
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the 5 goals of coping |
Cohen & Lazarus 1) to reduce harmful environmental conditions 2) to tolerate/adjust to negat. events/realities 3) to maintain a posit. self-image 4) to maintain emotional equilibrium 5) to continue satisfying social relationships extent to which these tasks are addressed = extent to which coping is successful |
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to assess successful coping more specifically, researchers looked at measures of |
1) physiological & biological functioning: if coping reduces arousal (heart rate, pulse, skin conductivity) OR levels of catecholamines or corticosteroids, it is judged successful
2) how quickly ppl can return to their pre-stress activities 3) effectiveness in reducing psychological distress (when person's anxiety/depression is reduced by coping it is judged successful) 4) whether the coping terminates, lessens, or shortens the stressful event itself |
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most vital of all resources against stress = |
social support = info from others that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and part of a network of communication and mutual obligations from parents/spouse/friends/or even a pet. |
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kinds of social support |
1) tangible assistance = provision of material support 2) informational support = providing info 3) emotional support = reassuring that one is a valuable, cared for individual. (warmth and nurturance) 4) invisible support |
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importance of perceptions of social supprt |
many benefits from 'social support' may actually come from 'perceived social support' |
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invisible support |
when one is UNAWARE that he/she is receiving help --> most likely to benefit from that help Because: receiving active support can also have costs: - sense of guilt (using someone else's time) - lowered self-esteem (being dependant on others) |
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implicit vs. explicit social support |
the FOCUS of the social support explicit = support designed to target specific problem, or meant for specific purpose implicit = simply knowing that you have a social network that you can rely upon if needed, and receiving support from the network without actively having to seek it out |
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culture & social support |
Asians = less likely to use or benefit from explicit social support, and more likely to benefit from implicit social support reverse is true for European-Americans |
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loneliness leads to |
trouble sleeping & more cardiovascular activation |
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experiencing the 'acute stress paradigm' (being exposed to a stressor) in the lab with a friend |
sympathetic and HPA responses to stress are reduced could be because release of oxytocin, which is related to supportive social contact as well as lowering a stress response |
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experiencing the 'acute stress paradigm' (being exposed to a stressor) in the lab with a pet |
lowers heart rate and BP even short encounter with dog increases opioid functioning and cortisol dogs experienced these effects as well! |
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low self-esteem predicted health problems. What explained this association? |
poor-quality social bonds |
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just thinking about social support leads to? |
reduce cardiovascular reactivity to stress |
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social support benefits which systems? |
cardiovascular system endocrine (cortisol) system immune system = the biopsychosocial pathways that link illness and social support |
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stress moderation via social support |
2 possibilities: a) direct effects hypothesis = social support is generally beneficial during both stressful and non-stressful times b) buffering hypothesis = health benefits of social support are chiefly evident during periods of high stress, with little stress, social support may have only few health benefits. Social support = a resource or reserve blunts the effects of stress Research: evidence for both! -when focusing on "social integration" (i.e. number of friends), direct effects have been found -when assessing social support more qualitatively (i.e. degree to which one feels that other ppl are available to provide help), buffering effects have been found |
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extracting support |
how one USES their social network (= using/getting support) may be affected by: "Attachment" |
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Attachment styles |
- develop from early emotional relationships, which can be secure or insecure (anxious or avoidance promoting) - serve as "working models" of what to expect from others in times of need -may operate as "lenses" that predispose individuals to perceive support as aligned with their attachment style esp. if the support is somehow ambigious - perceived social support has been said to be an "offshoot" of attachment style (those with insecure attachment are less likely to perceive benefits of social support) - effects of insecure attachment (on perceived social support & wellbeing) may be stronger for older adults |
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ineffective social support |
too much or overly intrusive social support controlling or directive social support some types may seem ineffective at first, but just take time to show their benefits (i.e.talking about one's depression might first make one more aware of one's depression, before benefits of social support show) |
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dyadic coping |
support from spouse, partner.. = the interplay of the stress experienced and expressed by one partner and the coping reactions of the other - can have implications for the outcomes of both: empathetic responding reduces stress positive dyadic coping: faster cortisol recovery negative dyadic coping: can worsen the distress for both use "WE" instead of "I" when describing joint stressful experience --> beneficial effects |
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matching hypothesis |
a match between one's needs and what ones receives from others social support is most effective when it meets different needs of different stressful events but some types always work: a) having someones to talk to about the problem b) having someone that makes one feel better about oneself |
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support from whom: |
intimate others: emotional support experts: information & advice support from partner = very protective of health, esp. for men support from family = social support in early life have long-term effects Study 1: uni students: those who perceived more support from parents --> coped better! Study 2: harvard male students with warm relationships to parents --> healthier, 35 years later |
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Harvard male students study: those that did not report warm relationship with their parents were more likely to be diagnosed with: |
1) coronary artery disease 2) hypertension 3) ulcers 4) alcoholism |
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effects of stress on support providers |
when friends/family are affected by stressful event, they may be less able to provide support to the person in greatest need long term caregiving linked to "psychological distress" (anxiety, depression) and "poor health" |
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giving vs. receiving social support |
Brown et al., 2003 death was less likely for ppl who reported providing instrumental and emotional help to friends/family/partner receiving support did not affect mortality |
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social support in today's time |
patterns in social support are shifting: more Canadians living alone reverse family pattern: 1941 6% of households were 1-person, 2006 27% of households were 1-person 1941: 5+ households were 38% 2006: 5+ household were 8% Internet: i.e. social networking, internet-based support groups = new opportunities of social support and forming of social ties |
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coping interventions |
mindfulness training disclosure stress management & relaxation training also: time management, good health habits, social skills training, assertiveness training, |
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Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) |
= systematic training in meditation to help ppl self-regulate their reactions to stress based on moment awareness = to become more aware of the present moment tools: - relaxation training - body scanning - yoga - meditation primary goal = to react mindfully, not automatically initial studies are promising: small but reliable health benefits - plus effects seem to be long-lasting might be esp. effective for ppl with behavioural styles that create more stress, but those ppl are highly unlikely to do mindfulness on their own i.e. procrastinators were also low on mindfulness! effects of 8 week program for cancer patients: - better quality of life & sleep quality - reduced stress symptoms - shifts in immune parameters (reducing depression) |
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effects of yoga were found to be ____________ compared to exercise across range of health outcomes |
equal if not superior! |
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disclosure (of emotional experiences) |
linked to health benefits idea comes from research that emotional-approach coping is linked to health benefits: When ppl undergo traumatic events and don't communicate them, those events may fester inside them, and produce physiological activation (since event needs to consistently be repressed, this requires work) THUS confiding in others should REDUCE physiological activity leads to lower skin conductance, heart rate and BP, also long-term effects on immune functioning Application: written exercises, email (i.e. this helped AIDS patients) |
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effects of disclosure |
- to gain information - to elicit posit. reinforcement and emotional support from others - to organise one's thoughts - to find meaning in the experience = opportunity for emotional-approach coping and for affirming personal values |
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stress management |
most commonly taught via "workshops" increasingly offered in the workplace typically involves 3 phases: 1) to learn what stress is and how to identify their stressors, 2) to acquire skills for coping with stress, 3) to practice these techniques in the stressful situation |
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stress related disorders drain as much as _____ from Canada's economy |
33 billion dollars |
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about ______% of a company's payroll is allocated towards costs associated with stress-related problems |
20% |
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example of online stress management program |
"Students and Stress: how to get your degree without losing your mind" University of Alberta, for free = "stress inoculation" training (enables ppl to approach stressor with potential measures before it becomes overwhelming) to learn about stress, discover ways of coping and self-asses their own stressors 1) identifying stressors: what is stress and how does it create damage 2) warning signs: self-monitoring phase: made aware of warning signs that stress is getting out of hand (53 stress symptoms) 3) stress antedecents: learn to identify sources of stress and differentiate between controllable and uncontrollable stressors 4) stress self-assessment: 17-item lifestyle quiz on overall stress and wellbeing 5) stress management tips: variety of coping skills are presented 6) relaxation: deep breathing, meditation, yoga, visualization 7) test taking tips 8) time management |
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relaxation training |
to reduce arousal includes progressive muscle relaxation, yoga, hypnosis, guided imagery, meditation reduces heart rate, BP, muscle tension, inflammation, anxiety Yoga (also used for cognition and mood) has benefits for stress: reduced cortisol levels, immune system and inflammation |
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exercise as stress management |
sedentary older women experience more stress and had shorter telomeres on their chromosomes (= marker of chronic stress) compared to those who exercised regularly maybe functions through immune system? increase in endogenous opioids (natural pain killers) from exercise may affect immune activity during stress |
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assertiveness training |
often ppl are unable to confront the ppl who contribute to their stress stress carriers = individuals that cause one special stress training: practice confronting those individuals |
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Hardiness |
is an individual difference characterized by a sense of Commitment, a belief in personal Control, and a willingness toconfront Challenge 3 C's |
