Psyc 330 Ch. 6

Front 1

Neisser visual search task

Back 1

involved searching for a certain target positioned in arrays of non-targets

Hint 1

Front 2

Distractor

Back 2

non-targets that surround the target, making it difficult to find the target

Front 3

Pop out

Back 3

when target is sufficiently different from the distractors, the targets presence or absence is immediately apparent

Front 4

Preattentive stage (visual search)

Back 4

early stage of visual search processing proposed by Neisser

enables almost immediate target detection without the need for effortful, serial inspection

Front 5

Late stage (visual search)

Back 5

second stage of visual search processing proposed by Neisser

slower search stage, involving alignments of focused attn to different items in the search array in order to locate target

Front 6

How did Neisser explain "pop out"?

Back 6

suggested targets may "pop out" because preattentive processing is carried out in parallel on all search display items at the same time. no need for serial search.

Front 7

what is the strongest "pop out" feature?

Back 7

colour

Front 8

odd-man-out task

Back 8

task that involves detecting what is different/ boundaries of where things change

Hint 8

Front 9

set-size effect

Back 9

the effect the number of distractors has on response times vary with set size.

easy search: doesnt matter how many distractors or if target is present

hard search: greater effect when more distractors and present, and even greater when target is absent.

Hint 9

Front 10

Why does it take longer to determine if a target is absent in a hard trial?

Back 10

need to check entire set before being sure it is not there.

unlike if it is present, you stop when you find it

Front 11

texture segregation

Back 11

process of determining boundaries between regions of objects with different shape, orientation, size, etc.

Front 12

exhaustive search

Back 12

serial inspection of entire array occurs on target-absent trial

Front 13

Serial self- terminating search

Back 13

serial inspection of array terminated when target found

Front 14

serial vs. parallel search

Back 14

serial: on at a time

parallel: all at once

Front 15

Feature-integration theory

Back 15

Proposal by Treisman and Gelade (1980) about the processing that mediates visual search and object perception. based on the interactions of feature maps and a master map of locations. When target pops out, presence signalled by feature map.

When target found effortfully, each item in display inspected in sequence . involved in accessing info from feature modules to verify targets features.

Hint 15

Front 16

Illusory Conjunctions

Back 16

Features are "free floating" until glued together by attn.

when shown objects of different shapes and colours, subject would report seeing an object of colour that wasnt there. colour of neighbouring shape blends together.

why? - happens because attn overloaded. didnt have time to "glue" feature shape and colour

Front 17

split-brain visual search

Back 17

found that they have attn system in each of their hemispheres

Hint 17

Front 18

feature map vs master map

Back 18

there are a number of feature maps that provide input to a common master map

feature maps correspond to different properties of an object (ie. colour, orientation, motion)

Front 19

describe the process of visual search using the feature-integration theory

Back 19

1.when target with a unique feature target pops-out, its location is registered within the feature map in question. this map provides signal that allows focused attn to be directed to same location within master map, observer immediately detects target.

2. when target not unique, focused attn directed in serial manner to each of a number of master map locations.. when attn focused at particular location, provides info at corresponding location in each of the feature maps. features of item integrated.

Front 20

what were some exceptions to the feature-integration theory?

Back 20

cannot account for why some targets can be detected rapidly, even when they don't possess unique features

Front 21

guided search

Back 21

Feature maps send signals to the master map about where NOT to look

Front 22

abrupt-onset targets

Back 22

appear suddenly within the visual search array after the distractor items were physically presented

capture attn in a stimulus driven manner

Front 23

gradual-onset targets

Back 23

initially presented stimuli with additional "irrelevant" lines serving as camouflage. as trial proceeded, camouflage would be removed to reveal target

allows precise control of timing of onset

Front 24

contingent attentional capture

Back 24

hypothesis that attentional capture is necessarily goal-driven.

although there is a debate about that.

Front 25

level-readiness effect

Back 25

suggests there is no default setting for the spatial extent of attentional focus and that it may remain at its current setting until an adjustment is required to perform a new analysis

Front 26

object- based processing

Back 26

attentional processing is limited to a restricted number of objects

Front 27

space-based processing

Back 27

attentional processing is limited to a fixed part of space