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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The process through which children's biases to behave in accord with their gender identity is strengthened by their greater attention to and involvement with entities and activities deemed appropriate to their gender |
Gender Self-Socialization |
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Awareness of one's own gender |
Gender Identity |
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Awareness that gender is stable over time |
Gender Stability |
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The realization that gender is invariant despite superficial changes in a person's appearance or behavior |
Gender Constancy |
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Organized mental representations (concepts, beliefs, memories) about gender, including gender stereotypes |
Gender Schemas |
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Tendency to evaluate individuals and characteristics of the ingroup as superior to those of the outgroup |
Ingroup Bias |
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Process whereby individuals are socialized to conform to the group's norms, demonstrating the characteristics that define the group |
Ingroup Assimilation |
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Learning about gender through direct teaching |
Tuition
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Learning about gender through experiencing the reactions one's behavior evokes in others |
Enactive Experience |
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The economic resources offered by the macrosystem in Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, and people's understanding of those resources |
Opportunity Structure |
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Children's tendency to associate with same-gender peers and avoid other-gender peers |
Gender Segregation |
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Heightened concerns with adhering to traditional gender roles |
Gender Role Intensification |
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Advances in cognitive development that can allow adolescents (more often girls than boys) to transcend traditional conventions and pursue a more flexible range of interests |
Gender Role Flexibility |
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The magnitude of similarity and difference between groups |
Effect Size |
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A statistical technique used to summarize the average effect size across studies |
Meta Analysis |
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The developmental period marked by the ability to reproduce and other dramatic bodily changes |
Puberty |
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The onset of menstruation |
Menarche |
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The onset of male's capacity for ejaculation |
Spermarche
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An individual's perception of, and feelings about, his or her own body |
Body Image |
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The period, prior to emergence of visible signs of puberty, during which the adrenal glands mature, providing a major source of sex steroids. This period correlates with the onset of sexual attraction |
Adrenarche |
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Speech errors in which children treat irregular forms of words as if they were regular |
Overregularization |
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Conversations between kids that are non-sequiturs. They take turns but have egocentric chats |
Collective Monologues
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Descriptions of past events in the form of a story |
Narratives
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A set of highly abstract, unconscious rules that are common to all languages |
Universal Grammar
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Proposes that the human brain contains an innate, self-contained language module that is separate from other aspects of cognitive functioning |
Modularity Hypothesis
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Everything about language is influenced by its communicative function |
Interactionist View
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A type of information-processing theory that emphasizes the simultaneous activity of numerous interconnected processing units |
Connectionism
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The idea that a symbolic artifact must be represented mentally in two ways at the same time - both as a real object and a symbol for something else |
Dual Representation |
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Based on the view that intelligence is the ability to achieve success in life |
Sternberg's Theory of Successful Intelligence |
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Ability to identify component sounds within words |
Phonemic Awareness |
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The ability to translate letters into sounds and blend the sounds into words |
Phonological Recoding Skills |
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Proceeding directly from the visual form of a word to its meaning |
Visually Based Retrieval |
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Choosing between alternate processes for solving problems by choosing the fastest approach |
Strategy-Choice Process |
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Inability to read well despite normal intelligence |
Dyslexia |
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Ability to discriminate and remember sounds within words |
Phonological Processing |
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Process used to form a representation of a situation or series of events |
Mental Model |
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The process of keeping track of one's understanding of a verbal description or text |
Comprehension Monitoring |
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The processing of basic information from the external world by the sensory receptors and brain |
Sensation |
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The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information about the objects, events, and spacial layout of the world around us |
Perception |
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A commonsense level of understanding of other people and oneself |
Naive Psychology |
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A basic understand of how the mind works and hot it influences behavior |
Theory of Mind |
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Tasks that test a child's understanding that other people will act in accord with their own beliefs even when the child knows those beliefs are incorrect |
False Belief Problems |
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A hypothesized brain mechanism devoted to understanding other human beings |
Theory of Mind Module (TOMM) |
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Make-Believe activities in which children create new symbolic relations |
Pretend Play |
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A form of pretense in which an object is used as something other than itself |
Object Substitution |
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The idea that children play a very active role in their own socialization through their activity preferences, friendship choices, and so on |
Self-Socialization |
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Being aware of the perspective of another person, thereby better understanding their behavior, feelings, and thoughts |
Role Taking
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A social group's informal norms about when, where, and how much one should show emotions and when and there one should mask their emotions |
Display Rules |
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The process of comparing aspects of one's own psychological, behavioral, or physical functioning to that of others in order to evaluate oneself |
Social Comparison |
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A form of adolescent egocentrism that involves beliefs in the uniqueness of one's own feelings and thoughts |
Personal Fable |
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The belief, stemming from adolescent egocentrism, that everyone else is focused on the adolescent's appearance and behavior |
Imaginary Audience |
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Erikson's psychosocial stage of development that occurs during adolescence. During this stage, the adolescent or young adult either develops an identity or develops an incomplete or incoherent sense of self. |
Identity Versus Identity Confusion |
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An integration of various aspects of the self into a coherent whole that is stable over time and across events |
Identity Achievement |
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An incomplete or incoherent sense of self that may cause the adolescent to feel lost, isolated, and depressed |
Identity Confusion |
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A person's preference in regards to males or females as objects of erotic feelings |
Sexual Orientation |
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Young people who experience same sex attractions and for whom the question of personal sexual identity is often confusing and painful |
Sexual Minority Youth |
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A set of abilities that contribute to competence in the social and emotional domains |
Emotional Intelligence |
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Characterized by physiological responses, subjective feelings, cognitions related to those feelings, and the desire to take action |
Emotion |
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Emotions are viewed as innate and discrete from one another very early in life, and each emotion is believed to be packaged with a specific and distinctive set of bodily and facial reactions |
Discrete Emotions Theory |
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Argues that the basic function of emotions is to promote action toward achieving a goal. Emotions are not discrete from one another and vary based on social environment |
Functionalist Approach |
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Smiles directed at people (Begin at 6-7 weeks old) |
Social Smiles |
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Feelings of distress that children, especially infants and toddlers, experience when they are separated, or expect to be separated, from individuals to whom they are emotionally attached |
Separation Anxiety |
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Emotions that relate to our sense of self and our consciousness of other's reaction to us |
Self-Conscious Emotions |
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The process of initiating, inhibiting, or modulating internal feeling states and related physiological processes, cognitions, and behaviors |
Emotional Self-Regulation |
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The ability to achieve personal goals in social interactions while simultaneously maintaining positive relationships with others |
Social Competence |
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Differences in various aspects of children's emotional reactivity that emerge early in life |
Temperament |
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The tendency to be high in fearful distress and restrained when dealing with novel or stressful situations |
Behavioral Inhibitions |
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The degree to which an infant's temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of his/her social environment |
Goodness of fit |
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The pattern of behaviors and emotions propensities, beliefs, and interests, and intellectual capacities that characterize an individual (and ad a constitutional basis) but is shaped by interactions with the social and physical world |
Personality |
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The process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate for their present and future role in their culture |
Socialization |
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The 1st stage in Freud's Theory, occurring in the first year, in which the primary sense of satisfaction and pleasure is oral activity |
Oral Stage |
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The earliest and most primitive personality structure. It is unconscious and acts with the goals of seeking pleasure |
Id |
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The second personality structure to develop. It is the rational, logical, problem solving component of personality |
Ego |
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The third personality structure, consisting of internalized moral standards |
Super Ego |
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The 2nd stage in Freud's Theory, from 1-3 years, where the primary source of pleasure comes from defecations |
Anal Stage |
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The 3rd stage in Freud's Theory, in which sexual pleasure is focused on the genitalia |
Phallic Stage |
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The process of adopting as one's own the attributes, beliefs, and standards of another person |
Internalization |
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The conflict experienced by boys in the phallic stage because of their sexual desire for their mother and fear of retaliation from their father |
Oedipus Complex |
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Banishing dangerous feelings to the unconscious |
Repression |
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Conflict experienced by girls in the phallic stage who develop unacceptable romantic feelings for their father and see their mother as a rival |
Electra Complex |
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Freud's 4th stage, from 6 to 12, in which sexual energy gets channeled into socially acceptable activities |
Latency Period |
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Freud's 5th and final stage, in which sexual intercourse becomes a major goal. |
Genital Stage |
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A form of therapy based on classical conditioning. Positive responses are gradually conditioned to stimuli that initially elicited a highly negative response |
Systematic Desensitization |
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Inconsistent response to the behavior of another person |
Intermittent Reinforcement |
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Therapy based on principles of operant conditioning in which reinforcement contingencies are changed to encourage more adaptive behavior |
Behavior Modification |
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Observing someone else receive a reward or punishment |
Vicarious Reinforcement |
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Child-environment influences operate in both directions - children are affected by aspects of their environment, but they also influence their environment. |
Reciprocal Determinism |
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The study of behavior within an evolutionary context |
Ethology |
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Newborn birds and mammals of some species become attached to their mother at first sight |
Imprinting |
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Stresses the evolutionary basis of many aspects of parental behavior, including the investment parents make in their offspring |
Parental Investment Theory |
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In the bioecological model, the immediate environment that an individual personally experiences |
Microystem |
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Connections across microsystems |
Mesosystem |
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Environmental settings that indirectly affect the child |
Exosystem |
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The larger cultural and social context within which other systems are embedded |
Macrosystem |
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Historical changes that influence other sytems |
Chronosystem |
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Intentional abuse or neglect that endangers the well being of a minor |
Child Maltreatment |
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An emotional bond with a specific person that is enduring across space and time |
Attachment |
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Posits that children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments with caregivers to increase their chance of survival |
Attachment Theory |
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The presence of a caregiver provides a sense of security that makes it possible for children to explore |
Secure Base |
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A mental representation of the self, attachment figures, and relationships in general |
Internal Working Model of Attachment |
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Procedure to assess attachment types |
Strange Situations |
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Working models of attachment in adulthood that are believed to be based on adult's perceptions of their own childhood experiences, especially relationship with parents, and perceptions of the influence of these experiences on them as an adult. |
Adult Attachment Models |
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Important factor contributing to security of infants attachment. Responsive caregiving and play & engagement |
Parental Sensitivity |
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A conceptual system made up of one's thoughts and attitudes about oneself |
Self |
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The process of comparing aspects of one's own physiological, behavioral, or physical functioning to that of others in order to evaluate oneself |
Social Comparison |
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Parents and children are mutually affect by each other's characteristics and behaviors |
Bidirectionality of Parent-Child Interactions |
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A measurement that reflects how well liked children are by their peers |
Sociometric Status |
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A category of sociometric status that refers to children who are well like by many peers and disliked by few. |
Popular Peer Status |
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Aggression that involves exclusion from a social group |
Relational Aggression |
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A category of sociometric status that refers to children who are disliked by many peers and liked by few |
Rejected Peer Status |
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Rejected children who are especially prone to physical aggression, disruptive behavior, delinquency, and negative behavior. |
Aggressive Rejected Children |
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Rejected children who are socially withdrawn, wary, and timid |
Withdrawn Rejected Children |
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Voluntary behavior intended to benefit another (helping, sharing, consoling) |
Prosocial Behavior |
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Decisions that pertain to issues of right and wrong |
Moral Judgments |
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Decisions that pertain to customs or regulations intended to secure social coordination and social organization |
Social Conventional Judgments |
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Decisions in which individual preferences are the main consideration
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Personal Judgments |
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An internal regulatory mechanism that increases the individual's ability to conform to standards of conduct accepted in his/her culture |
Conscience |
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Helping others out of sympathy/empathy or acting consistent to conscience and moral principles |
Altruistic Motives |
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Behavior aimed at harming others |
Aggression |
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Aggression motivated by desire to obtain a goal |
Instrumental Aggression |
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Disorder characterized by age inappropriate behavior and angry, defiant, or irritable behavior |
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) |
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Involves sever antisocial and aggression behaviors that inflict pain on other or involve destruction of property or denial of the rights of others |
Conduct Disorder (CD) |
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Emotionally driven, antagonistic aggression sparked by one's perception that other people's motives are hostile |
Reactive Aggression |
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Unemotional aggression aimed at fulfilling a need or desire |
Proactive Aggression |
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The tendency to take action on behalf of the self through competitive, independent, or aggressive behaviors |
Assertion |
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The tendency to affirm connection with others through being emotionally open, empathetic, or cooperative |
Affiliation |
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A blend of assertion and affiliation. Associated with gender-role flexibility. More common in girls |
Collaboration |
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Hormones that occur at higher levels in males and affect physical development and functioning from the prenatal period onward |
Androgens |
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A condition in which the adrenal glands produce high levels of hormones with androgen-like effects |
Congenital Hormonal Influences |
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The potential result of certain fluctuations in sex-linked hormone levels affecting the contemporaneous activation of certain brain and behavioral responses |
Activational Hormonal Influences |
