Psycology Exam 4

Front 1

Context-specific norms: The spring break phenomenon

Back 1

Rule that regulate human behavior, including social conventions, explicit laws, and implicit cultural standards.

Front 2

Role

Back 2

A given social position that is governed by a set of rules and norms (implicit and explicit cultural standards) for behavior.

Front 3

Conformity

Back 3

Tendency to match one's behavior to the behavior of others around us.

Front 4

Diffusion of Responsibility

Back 4

Tendency for members of a group to feel less personally responsible for their behaviors.

Front 5

Deindividuation

Back 5

Loss of awareness of one's own individuality when part of a large group or crowd

Front 6

Social Loafing

Back 6

Tendency for group members to work less hard on group tasks--to let others do the work.

Front 7

Pluralistic Ignorance

Back 7

Using the inaction of others in an emergency situation as a cue that the emergency is not very serious.

Front 8

Behavioral Trap (Entrapment)

Back 8

A situation which pressures people into self-defeating behaviors, usually through a gradually escalating committment to a course of action in order to justify of defend their previous investment of time, effort, emotion, or money.

Front 9

Groupthink

Back 9

The tendency for members of a group to think alike, in part because of suppression of disagreement

Front 10

Group Polarization Effect

Back 10

The tendency of people who a part of a group decision-making process to make decisions that are more extreme than the average of the decisions that the individuals in the group would have made if they had made their decisions alone or independently.

Front 11

Asch's Study of Perceptual Judgment Conformity

Back 11

The group of people that are working for the experimenter say the wrong answer as the one experimentee says the wrong answer in fear of speaking out against the group

Front 12

Factors Affecting Conformity

Back 12

Group Size
Culture
Characteristics of other group members
Presence of another nonconformist

Front 13

bystander apathy

Back 13

diffusing responsibility and size of group helps the idea. Ones ability to pass on the responsibility for another person's misfortune

Front 14

Milgrams experiment

Back 14

Tell older men to shock another man if he does not have the right answer even when it got higher up he would say to continue

Front 15

Stereotype

Back 15

Beliefs about the charcacteristics of GROUPS of people.

Front 16

Prejudice:

Back 16

A negative attitude toward members of a particular group

Front 17

Attribution

Back 17

Judgment involved in assigning a cause to the behavior of others or ourselves

Front 18

Fundamental Error of Attribution

Back 18

Tendency to overattribute behavior to internal causes--especially when evaluating other people's behavior.

Front 19

Self-Serving Bias

Back 19

Tendency to attribute our own successes to internal causes, while attributing our own failures to external causes.

Front 20

Self-Handicapping

Back 20

Strategy of setting up a potential external cause explanation for anticipated failure

Front 21

Just World Hypothesis

Back 21

The need to believe that the world is a fair and just place; that bad people are punished and good people are rewarded

Front 22

Sources of information

Back 22

behavior
thinking patterns
emotional responses

Front 23

Mental Disorder

Back 23

Any behavior or emotional state that causes an individual great suffering or worry; is self-defeating or self-destructive; or is maladaptive and disrupts the person's relationships of the larger community

Front 24

Insanity

Back 24

1) Inability to understand that the illegal acts were wrong. (2) Irresistible impulse.

Front 25

DSM

Back 25

List of symptoms associated with each of hundreds of mental disorders

Front 26

Generalized

Back 26

ANXIETY
continuous state of anxiety marked by feelings of worry and dread, apprehension, difficulties with concentration, and signs of motor tension

Front 27

Panic Disorder

Back 27

ANXIETY
disorder in which a person experiences recurring panic attacks -- brief periods of intense fear and feelings of dread and impending doom accompanied by intense physiological symptoms of anxiety

Front 28

PTSD

Back 28

An anxiety disorder in which a person who has experienced a traumatic or life-threatening event experiences trouble with concentration, repeated relivings of the event, and increased physiological arousal.

Front 29

Phobias

Back 29

unrealistic fear of a specific situation, activity, or object

Front 30

obsessive compulsive disorder

Back 30

A disorder in which the individual feels trapped in repetitive persistent thoughts (obesssions) and repetitive ritualized behaviors (compulsions) designed to reduce anxiety

Front 31

Unipolar Depression

Back 31

Despondency, Self-blame, Low self-esteem --Tiredness, Limited decision-making ability
Lack of enjoyment, Dwelling on sad thoughts --Thoughts of suicide

Front 32

Concordance Rate

Back 32

Rate at which one twin suffers from the disorder given that the other twin suffers from the disorder. Higher for identical than fraternal twins -- which means that genetics plays some role (moderate heritability)

Front 33

Adoption Studies in depression

Back 33

more likely to suffer from depression if the biological parent suffered from depression than if the adoptive parent suffered from depression

Front 34

Low levels of .... in depression

Back 34

serotonin and/or epinephrine

Front 35

high levels of .... in Manic Depression

Back 35

serotonin and/or epinephrine

Front 36

Vulnerability-stress model of depression

Back 36

There are individual differences in biological vulnerability that interact with life experiences to affect who suffers from depression

Front 37

Positive characteristics (additions to normal behavior) of schizophrenia

Back 37

hallucinations & delusions
disorganized behavior
disorganized thinking and language use

Front 38

Negative characteristics (losses of normal features of behavior)

Back 38

social withdrawal
emotional flatness