Psy100 Term Test 2 (Chapter 7)

Front 1

central executive

Back 1

control centre of working memory; coordinates attention and exchange of information among 3 storage components

Front 2

constructive memory

Back 2

a process by which we first recall a generalized schema and then add in specific details

Front 3

stores

Back 3

retain info in memory without using it for any specific purpose

Front 4

short-term memory (STM)

Back 4

memory store with limited capacity and duration

Front 5

long-term memory (LTM)

Back 5

hold info for extended period of time, if not permanently

Front 6

sensory memory

Back 6

a memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time

Front 7

Working memory

Back 7

a model of short-term remembering that includes a combination of memory components that can temporarily store small amounts of information for a short period of time

Front 8

Attention

Back 8

selects which information will be passed on to STM

Front 9

Encoding

Back 9

the process of storing information in the LTM system

Front 10

retrieval

Back 10

bring information from long-term memory back into short-term memory

Front 11

chunking

Back 11

organizing smaller units of info into large, more meaningful units

Front 12

Dual coding

Back 12

occurs when information is stored in more than one form

Front 13

Procedural memories

Back 13

patterns of muscle movements (motor memory)

Front 14

Semantic memories

Back 14

declarative memories that include facts about the world

Front 15

Episodic memories

Back 15

declarative memories for personal experiences that seem to be organized around “episodes” and are recalled from a first person (“I” or “my”) perspective

Front 16

Encoding specificity principle

Back 16

retrieval is most effective when it occurs in the same context as encoding

Front 17

Elaborative rehersal

Back 17

prolonging exposure to information by thinking about its meaning

Front 18

Explicit memories

Back 18

see declarative memories

Front 19

Implicit memories

Back 19

see nondeclarative memories

Front 20

Declarative memories

Back 20

memories that we are consciously aware of and that can be verbalized, including facts about the world and one’s own personal experiences

Front 21

Nondeclarative memories

Back 21

include actions or behaviours that you can remember and perform without awareness

Front 22

Flashbulb memory

Back 22

an extremely vivid and detailed memory about an event and the conditions surrounding how one learned about the event

Front 23

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Back 23

showed that there is an enduring increase in connectivity and transmission of neural signals between nerve cells that fire together

Front 24

phonological loop

Back 24

storage component of working memory that relies on rehearsal and that stores information as sound, or an auditory code

Front 25

first-letter technique

Back 25

using first letter of a set of items to spell out words that form a sentence

Front 26

schemas

Back 26

organized clusters of memories that constitute one’s knowledge about events, objects, and ideas

Front 27

mnemonic

Back 27

a technique intended to improve memory for specific information

Front 28

maintenance rehersal

Back 28

prolonging exposure to information by repeating it

Front 29

method of loci

Back 29

a mnemonic that connects words to be remembered to locations along a familiar path

Front 30

visuospatial sketchpad

Back 30

a storage components of working memory that maintains visual images and spatial layouts in visuospatial code

Front 31

DRM procedure

Back 31

participants study a list of highly related words called semantic associations

Front 32

Imagination inflation

Back 32

the increased confidence in a false memory of an event following repeated imagination of the event

Front 33

Retroactive interference

Back 33

the most recently learned information overshadows some older memories that have not yet made it into long-term memory

Front 34

Proactive interference

Back 34

a process in which the first information learned occupied memory, leaving fewer resources left to remember the newer information

Front 35

Recovered memory

Back 35

a memory of a traumatic event that is suddenly recovered after blocking the memory of that event for a long period of time

Front 36

False memory

Back 36

remembering events that did not occur, or incorrectly recalling details of an event

Front 37

Misinformation effect

Back 37

when information occurring after an event becomes part of the memory for that event

Front 38

Testing effect

Back 38

the finding that taking practice tests can improve exam performance, even without additional studying

Front 39

Consolidation

Back 39

the process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories in the brain

Front 40

Acronyms

Back 40

pronounceable words whose letters represent the initials of an important phrase or set of items

Front 41

Control processes

Back 41

shift information from one memory store to another

Front 42

Episodic buffer

Back 42

a storage component of working memory that combines images and sounds from the other two components into coherent, story-like episodes

Front 43

Amnesia

Back 43

a profound loss of at least one form of memory

Front 44

Anterograde amnesia

Back 44

the inability to form new memories for events occurring after a brain injury

Front 45

Retrograde amnesia

Back 45

a condition in which memory for the events preceding trauma or injury is lost

Front 46

Serial position effect

Back 46

in general, most people will recall the first few items from a list and the last few items, but only an item or two from the middle

Front 47

Storage

Back 47

the time and manner in which information is retained between encoding and retrieval

Front 48

Rehearsal

Back 48

repeating information until you do not need to remember it anymore

Front 49

Recovered memory controversy

Back 49

a heated debate among psychologists about the validity of recovered memories