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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do we define a family? |
Two or more people who are committed to each other and shares: -intimacy -resources -decision-making responsibilities -values |
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Characteristics of marriage |
-Demographic event -Joining of two families and social networks -Legal contract between the couple and the state -Economic union -Most common living arrangement -Context if most human sexual activity -Reproduction -Unit that socializes children -Opportunuty for an intimate and sharing relationship |
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Marriage - defined |
The emotional and legal commitment of two people who share: -emotions and physical intimacy -various tasks (responsibilities) -economic resources -values |
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What are the trends in marriage? |
-fewer marriages -later age in marriage -traditional roles of fathers and mothers are converging -more "breadwinner" Moms -changes in the structure of American families -more than 4 in 10 American adults have at least one step relative in their family |
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What are some trends in divorce? |
-divorced men are more likely to remarry than divorced women -there is an almost 50% possibility for a first marriage to end in a divorce -higher divorce rates in remarriage than first marriages |
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What are some advantages of marriage? |
-Longer life expectancy -Healthier lifestyle -Greater happiness -More satisfying sex due to proximity -Career advantages for men -Accumulated wealth -Children fare better if parents are married (healthy marriage) -Married women are less likely to experience domestic abuse |
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Childcare outside of the family |
-Majority of the children in the U.S. are in regular child care arrangements -Parents are more concerned with the quality of child care -checking out day care centers more carefully -looking critically at teachers and their relationship with their children |
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Role of technology on families and relationships. Report of internet-connected households |
Internet-connected households report: -erosion of face-to-face family time -increased feelings of bring ignored by family members using the web -growing concerns that children are spending too much time online |
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What is the most common stressor families face? |
Financial problems |
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Why does culture matter in the study of family science? |
-everything in families happen within a cultural context -family members learn and pass on to their children -definition of family -how intimacy is expressed -what it means to be male and female -role expectations |
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How does immigration impact family life? |
-Women immigrants leave their children with extended family members in their country of origin -Refugees come to the U.S. because conditions in their country of origin are unsafe -they are able to access social and financial services -face many challenges such as: -->learning the new culture -->finding ways to make a living |
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What is cultural competence? |
Effectiveness in working with a variety of cultural groups |
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Awareness |
-Understanding your own biases -Self-exploration leads to self-awareness -Starts with an understanding of one's own cultural heritage and belief system -->knowing that culture affects one's judgement of people from other cultures |
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General Knowledge includes understanding: |
-Discrimination -Prejudice -Oppression -How these experiences affect a person or a group of people |
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What are some strategies to gain knowledge about a cultural group? |
-Reading scholarly information that describes the history of the culture -Attending activities, markets, art galleries, or places of business frequented by members of the culture |
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Skills Cultural competence skills are demonstrated by language used and by showing knowledge of: |
-History -Beliefs and values -Cultural practices in implementing programs and providing services |
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Conjugal family system |
Emphasizes the relationships formed through marriage |
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Consanguineal family system |
Emphasize blood ties more than marital ties |
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What are the 3 lines of authority? |
Matriarchal group, Patriarchal group, Egalitarian group |
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Matriarchal group |
Females exercise the authority |
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Patriarchal group |
Males exercise the authority |
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Egalitarian groups |
Rights and perspectives of both genders and all generations are respected |
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What are the 3 norms of residency? |
Matrilocal society, Patrilocal society, Neolocal society |
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Matrilocal society |
Couples live with or near the wife's kin |
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Patrilocal society |
Couples live with it near the husband's kin |
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Neolocal society |
Couples establish a separate, autonomous residence |
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Ethnocentrism |
Assumption that one's own culture is the standard by which other cultures should be judged |
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Etic Perspective |
Looking at a society from the outside and seeing its characteristics in isolation rather than as they relate to the structure of the society as a whole (focus on differences) |
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Emic Perspective |
Looking at a society from the inside and analyzing behaviors in terms of the internal structural elements of the society |
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Assimilation |
Old cultural traits and values are relinquished and replaced by those of the dominant culture |
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Acculturation |
Cultural traits and values from one ethnic group become blended with those of the dominant culture |
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Segregation/Marginalization |
Ethnic group isolates itself or is forced into isolation within the dominant culture |
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Family Systems Theory |
Focuses on the family as an ongoing system of interconnected members |
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Suprasystem |
Encompasses the larger component of a system (ex. Nuclear family) |
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Subsystem |
Encompasses the smaller system (ex. Married couple within the nuclear family) |
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Boundaries |
Connect and separate a system from other systems |
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Wholeness |
Whole family is more than the total of all of its individual members |
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Interdependence of Parts |
Members of a family are interconnected in such a way that when one member changes, it affects the others as well. |
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Flexibility- defined |
Ability of a system to balance both stability and change |
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Open system vs. Closed system (Flexibility) |
-Open system (or morphogenic system): open to growth and change -Closed system (or morphostatic system): avoids change by maintaining the status quo |
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Centrifugal vs. Centripetal Interactions (Cohesion) |
Centrifugal: Tend to push family members apart, thereby increasing separateness Centripetal: Pull family members together and increase family closeness |
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Feedback - Positive vs. Negative |
Positive feedback: intended to create change Negative feedback: designed to minimize change and keep things the same -->Positive and Negative Feedback indicate whether change occurs in the system or not |
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International Family Strengths Perspective |
-Focuses on how couples and families succeed, from a global perspective -Strong families can serve as models for other families wanting to succeed -Identifying a family's strengths: -can be the foundation for continued growth and change -boosts the morale of its members |
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What are the qualities of a strong family? |
-Appreciation and affection- care, kindness -Positive Communication - compromise, avoid blame (ex: "I feel" statements instead of "you made me feel" statements) -Spiritual well-being - hope, ethical values -Commitment - trust, honesty -Enjoyable time together - simple times, planned times -Ability to manage stress and crisis - resilience, coping |
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Family cohesion ~ togetherness and separateness |
Cohesion - balancing separateness and togetherness Enmeshed -too much togetherness: stress when apart. No separate identity Disengaged -too much separateness (The two extremes! Unbalanced) Connected- more separateness than togetherness Cohesive - more togetherness than separateness (Two middle - balanced) |
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Flexibility- stability and change |
Flexibility -Rigid/Unbalanced: too much stability- set in their ways -Chaotic: too much change - children don't know what's expected of them |
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Gender differences in communication |
Women -view communication as the way relationships with others are sustained -consider sharing emotions as a big part of communication Men -view communication as needed to settle a problem, achieve objectives, or to develop a plan -focus on content in communication -consider communication necessary to accomplish goals |
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What role does culture have in communication? |
-Different cultures exhibit varying amounts of talking when it comes to communication -Cultural differences are evident in: -Gestures -Greetings -Eye Contact |
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What are the forms of nonverbal communication? |
Nonverbal aspects of spoken communication -Tone of voice, volume, pitch, speed of speech, and rhythm of speech Nonverbal aspects of written communication -Style or writing and the medium -Including facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, and other body movements and spatial behaviors |
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Mixed messages |
Discrepancy exists between verbal and nonverbal components -Barrier to real understanding |
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Double Bind |
Verbal and nonverbal messages relay information that does not offer an attractive option or solution - damned if you do/if you don't (Ex: wanting to go out with your friends but you know your mom wants you to stay home. If you stay home, you'd be pleasing your mom but you would secretly want to be with your friends. If you go with your friends, you know your mom will not be happy) |
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Self-Disclosure |
Revealing some personal information or feelings that others could not otherwise learn -Individual willingly discloses the information with forethought -Females receive more disclosures from others than men do -Helps build closeness and intimacy |
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Unhealthy Self-Disclosure |
-Protecting a spouse from distressful information -Abusive situation in which the spouse may feel unsafe in sharing thoughts -Divorced parents might not want to share their honest thoughts about their ex-spouse with their children |
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Healthy Self-Disclosure |
-Even happy couples and families are not completely open and honest all the time -Individuals need to balance openness with discretion, politeness, and other values |
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What are the different types of listening? |
Persuasive, Directive, Attentive/Active |
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What is Persuasive Listening? |
Listener looks for ways to jump in and control their conversation |
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What is Directive Listening? What is an advantage and disadvantage? |
Directive Listening - Attempts to channel conversation and involves less control than persuasive listening -->Advantage: Quickly focuses a conversation and allows the questioner to take charge of the dialogue -->Disadvantage: in the interest of efficiency, crucial elements of the story are lost |
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What is Attentive/Active Listening? |
Lets the speaker talk spontaneously without interruption |
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What is Assertive Communication? |
-Expression of one's thoughts, feelings, and desires as a right -Encourages expressiveness rather than defensiveness -Facilitates intimacy between partners -Reflects self-esteem and self confidence |
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What is Passive Communication? |
-Unwillingness to say what one thinks, feels, or wants -Does little to enhance either person's feelings -Creates distance rather than intimacy -Associated with: -->Low self-esteem and limited expressiveness -->Hurt and anxious feelings |
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Aggressive Communication (Creates distance in a relationship) |
-Aims to hurt or put down the other person -Focuses on the negative aspects of people rather than the negative aspects of the situation -Escalates in negative spirals -Leaves partners feeling hurt and frustrated |
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Role of avoidance in communication |
-Avoidance tends to be highest in people who are passive or nonassertive -Avoidance creates problems in close relationships Avoidant couples -Minimize conflict by agreeing to disagree -Use stonewalling: shutting out the other person and not responding to her or him |
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What are some reasons why people suppress negative emotions? |
Sociological explanation -Anger viewed as an indicator of relationship problems -Individuals are socialized in a way that encourages then not to show anger Psychological explanation -Relationship insecurity -Interdependence -Couples struggle to find a balance between dependence from each other |
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What are Lerner's styles of anger management |
-Pursuers: want connectedness, feel rejected when partner asks for space -Distancers: withholding, withdrawn -Underfunctioners: fragile, disorganized -Overfunctioners: take charge in crisis, difficulty letting others solve their own problems -Blamers: try to change their partner |
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What are the common techniques that sex therapists recommend to couples to increase sexual intimacy? |
-Behavioral exercises: help enrich and expand sexual awareness and enjoyment -Sensate Focus: open mind, touch and be touched
-The stop-and-go technique: stop sexual stimulation just prior to ejaculation, wait until the level of arousal has diminished and then start again
-The squeeze technique 1. Begin sexual activity, including stimulation of the penis, until you feel almost ready to ejaculate 2. Have your partner squeeze the end of your penis, at the point where the head joins the shaft, and maintain the squeeze for several seconds, until the urge to ejaculate passes 3. Have your partner repeat the squeeze process as necessary |
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What were the main points that Faith Harper made in her "Shame, sex, and silence" TED talk? |
-Sex is about connectedness, then why are we so quiet about it? -Shame - powerful human emotion
Guilt- "I made a mistake" Shame- "I am a mistake"
Notion of touch - we are hardwired to connect -->we build relationships through touch
-difficult to push past Shame -it is about COURAGE Big courage: facing shame head-on and communicating |
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Effective conflict resolution steps |
-Practice the conversation in advance -Think through what one wants to communicate -Choose a time when the significant other is relaxed and ready to talk |
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Conflict between parents and children - developmental trajectory and best practices |
-Distracting, negotiating, or reasoning is best for healthy child development rather than criticizing and threatening -Conflicts between parents and adolescents also affect the parents' couple relationships and can effect into the relationships with other siblings |
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Anger and Conflict Taboos: Fear of negative emotions and difficulty in learning how to deal with them leads to ~ |
(Suppression of negative emotions leads to): -individuals denying their genuine feelings and not being in touch with their true emotions -high levels of stress for individuals and their relationships |
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What were the main points about LGBT families made by Abbie Goldberg in the radio show we watched in class? |
Abbie Goldberg stated that research shows that with same sex couples and heterosexual couples, children were fine and developed healthy (contrary to what Tom McClusky was saying) Tom stated that research shows that children are better off growing up with heterosexual couples |
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How does culture impact sexuality? |
Standards of attractiveness -vary widely as cultures identify certain physical traits as attractive and valuable Sexual Behavior -gender roles in sexual behavior and sexual techniques differ considerably Sexual Attitudes -masturbation: self-stimulation of genitals -same sex behavior |
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Developmental progression of sexual behavior (Survey of sexual behavior) |
-vaginal intercourse is most common -partnered sexual relations begin at age 14 -sexual activity increases for 18 to 24-year-olds -sexual activity declines in the 50s and continuing into older age -->attributed to health issues and loss of a partner |
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Long-term impact of teen pregnancy and risk factors |
Long-term -more likely to have less education and less prestigious careers -less physically healthy -less likely to have stable marriages Unintended consequence of sexual activities -Sexually transmitted diseases Ex: chlamydia |
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Comprehensive Approach to sex education vs. Abstinence-only approach |
Comprehensive -stresses abstinence and responsible decision making -includes information on contraception and avoiding STIs Abstinence-only-until-marriage approach -nonmarital sex is immoral behavior, and people should just say no |
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Research associated with sex education |
Sex education IS effective Comprehensive sex ed helps: -delay the onset of sexual activity -reduce frequency of sexual activity -reduce the # of sexual partners -increase condom and contraceptive use -little evidence about the effectiveness of abstinence-only programe |
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Connection between alcohol use and sexual risk taking behavior |
Alcohol use and risky sexual behavior among college students are strongly linked, including sexual assault |
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What are the four marital styles? |
-Complementary Style -Conflict-minimizing couples -Best-friend couples -Emotionally expressive couples |
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Complementary Style |
Each partner has power in certain domains and moderate levels of intimacy -sex is low on priority |
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Conflict-minimizing couples |
Most stable couple style and have traditional roles -sex is predictable and rarely discussed |
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Best-friend couples |
Consider friendship as a strong foundation of their marriage -difficult style to maintain and has a high rate of divorce |
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Emotionally expressive couples |
Intense love and anger -sex occurs as a way of making up from conflict |
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Sex educator vs. Sex therapist |
Sex educator -works with larger groups of people and teach general information and principles Sex therapist -works with individuals or couples and focus more on individual concerns and problems |
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Family Development Framework - when might it be appropriate? |
-How family members deal with various roles and developmental tasks within the family as they move through stages of the life cycle -A member's efficiency in completing the tasks directly impacts the development of various family members Might be appropriate: during stages of life such as married, childbearing, preschool-aged children, etc. |
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Symbolic Interaction Framework |
People learn about themselves and develop a self-concept based on their interactions with others. How we learn through communicating with each other about various roles in our society.
-role -role taking (people learn how to play roles correctly by: practicing, getting feedback from others) -role making (creating new roles or revising existing roles) |
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Social Construction Framework |
Human beings are immersed in the social world -our understanding, beliefs, and identities are products of our experiences -compatible with postmodernist and multicultural intellectual movements Our identities are shaped over time through our life experiences |
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Feminist Framework |
Society should commit to empowering women and changing their oppressed condition -Feminist movements Instrumental role, being in charge of tasks, expressive role (being nurturing). Feminists maintain that both men and women can play both roles Feminist theories examine gender differences and how gender-based distinctions legitimize power differences between men and women |
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Communication strengths of happy couples |
1. Satisfied with how they talk to each other (95% of happy couples agree) 2. Feel that their partner understands them (79% of happy couples agree) 3. Can express their true feelings (96% of happy couples agree) 4. Their partner is a very good listener (83% of happy couples agree) 5. Their partner does not make comments that put them down (79% of happy couples agree) |
