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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social Cognition
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The way people interpret, analyze, and remember things about the social wrld
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2 Ways to process information
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1. Serially - one at a time
2. Parallel - multiple |
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Dual Process Model of Social Cognition
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Perceive --> Automatic Reaction then you can either go to your final reaction or go to a conscious reaction 1st and then to Final
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Explicit Cognition
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You deliberatly think that way. It is a conscious assesment
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Implicit Cognition
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You think something automatically (you arent aware you are doing it)
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Motivated-Tactician Model
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You are not going to consciously think about something unless you have a personal motivation to do so. They are based on your personal goals, beliefs, and motivations and needs
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Thought Supression
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Prevent certain thoughts from entering your mind
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Category
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mental grouping of objects based on a common theme
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Social categorization
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forming categories of people based on certain common traits
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Prototype
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The person in a category that most represents it
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Schema
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using own experiences with casual relationships to explain the theory of the social world
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Script
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schema to describe a well known situation to use as a guide for behavior and problem solving
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Priming
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A recent exposure to an event increases your ability to remember other instances of that
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Heuristics
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shortcuts to reduce complex judgements to just simple rules of thumb
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Representative Heuristic
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Judging a category based on the most representative of the category (most typical one)
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Avaliability Heuristic
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judge the freq of an event in terms of the # of examples present
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Primary/Anchoring/Adjustment Heuristic
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Using the first impression as the most important one
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Confirmation Bias
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You find only information that supports your beliefs and ignore everything that refutes it
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Hindsight Bias
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tendency that once an event occurs you overestimate the ability to have forseen that event
Study: when things affect us negitively they do not have hindsight bias. Factory workers getting laid off |
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Counterfactual Thinking
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Evaluate an event based on an imagined alternative
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Controlled Unbelieving
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automatically belive what you see, but have to consciously process it to be able to reject it
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False Conscious Effect
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overestimate how common something is based on your own positive opinions
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False Uniqeness Effect
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underestimate how common something is because of your negative thoughts towards it
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Self Fulfilling Prophecy
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someones expectations about a person leads to their fulfillment of those expectations
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Just-World belief
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system where the world is perceived to be fair
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Learned Helplessness
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passive resignation due to repeated exposure to negative events that are percieved as unavoidable
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Belief
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an estimation of the probability that something is true
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Attitude
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positive or negative evaluation of an object
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Implicit Attitude
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Automatic attitude or when someone isnt even aware they posess the attitude
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Explicit Attitude
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consciously held attitude
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Dual Attitudes
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having both an explicit and implicit attitude at the same time that conflict.
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Values
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enduring beliefs about important life goals based on a previous situation
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Mere Exposure Effect
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tend to warm up to things the more we are around them
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Classical Conditioning
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learn by association (neutral stimulus)
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Subliminal Conditioning
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classical consitioning that occurs in absence of the stimuli involved
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Operant Conditioning
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behavior is strengthened when reinforced and weakened with punishment
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Self Perception Theory
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infer our internal states and attitudes based on observing our behavior
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Functional Approach
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people change their attitudes based on different psychological needs. to change an attitude you must know why you had it in the first place.
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Utilitarian Attitude
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helps to acheive rewards and gain approval from others (behaviorist)
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Knowledge Attitude
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helps a person structure the world so that it makes sense (cognitive)
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Ego Defence Attitude
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protect yourself from acknowledging basic self truths (psychoanalytic)
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Value-Expression Attitude
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express important aspects of self concept (Humanistic)
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(4) Factors in determining Attitude-Behavioral relationships
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1. Level of attitude-behavioral specificity
2. Time Factors 3. Private v. Public Self Awareness 4. attitude strength attitude accessibility |
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Theory of Planned Behavior
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peoples concious decisions about things are related to their attitudes towardss the behavior in general, norms of society, and your perceived behavioral control
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Behavior Intentions are Shaped By: (3)
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1. Attitudes
2. Subject Norms 3. Percieved Behavioral Control |
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Cognitive Consistancy
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tendency to seek consistency in your thoughts
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Cognitive Dissonance
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feeling uncomfortable when you do something against your norms
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Self-Affirmation Theory
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coping with being bad at something by remembering all the things you are good at even if they are unrelated
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Reference Group
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a group that sets the standards that you judge yourself by
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Persuasion
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change someone's attitudes through a certain message
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Elaboration liklihood model
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persuasive messages can change an attitude by:
1. differing in the amount of cognitive effort 2. differing the elaboration it requires |
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Central Route Processing
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high elaboration of message content by focusing on the central topic of the message
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Peripheral Route Processing
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low elaboration of message content because do not focus on the central topic of the message
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Sleeper Effect
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delayed effectivness of a message from a noncredible source
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Protection-Motivation Theory
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fear induces self protective response and motivate to whether the threat can be avoided
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Need For Cognition
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individual preference to engage in effortful cognitive activities
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Subliminal Perception
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processing of information that is just below the ability to be consciously aware
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Prejudice
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attutude towards members of a specific group that imply they are inferior in social status
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Discrimination
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negative action towards members in a specific group
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Explicit Prejudice
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on purpose
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Implicit Prejudice
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unconsciously
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Stigma
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a personal attribute that causes a person to be inferior in the eyes of others
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Heterosexism
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applaudes heterosexuality and stigmatizes nonheterosexuals
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Courtesy Stigma
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when associate with stigmatized people you risk facing negative evaluations from others
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2 social factors that determine a groups form of prejudice
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1. Target group has a comptetitive relationship with the mainstream or the Target has a cooperative relationship with the main stream
2. target is of low or high social status with the mainstream society |
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Contemptuous Prejudice
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low social status target group has a competitive relationship with the mainstream
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Envious Prejudice
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high social status group has a competitive relationship with the mainstream
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Paternalistic Prejudice
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low status group has a cooperative relationship with mainstream society
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3 Different types of stigma
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1. Tribal Identities
2. Blemishes of individual character 3. abominations of the body |
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Outgroup Homogenity Effect
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Perception that you are more similar to your outgroup than your ingroup
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Stereotypes
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beliefs of people based on the category they are in rather than on an individual basis
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Illusory Correlation
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belief that 2 variables are associated when in fact there is little or no association at all
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Sterotype threat
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disturbing awareness of a sterotyped group that their actions and characteristics fit the stereotype and then they will confirm it as a self classification
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2 Functions of sterotyped thinking
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1. Fast and Efficient
2. Often Wrong |
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Ingroup bias
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more favorable to people in your ingroup than in your outgroup
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Social Identity theory
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people try to enhance their self esteem by identifying with social groups that they percieve as being better than other social groups
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Realistic Group Conflict Theory
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intergroup conflict happens because of limited resources
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Ethnocentrism
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increased loyalty to ones group while increasing hostility to outgroups
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Superordinate Goal
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mutually shared goal that can be acheived only with intergroup cooperation
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Social Dominiance Theory
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social groups are in a hierarchy of power. Dominant group holds the majority of the resources
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Authoritarian Personality
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person that is submissive to authority, adhears to conventional values, and holds prejudice towards outgroups
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Old Fashioned Racism
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Blatent negative stereotypes, racial inequality, and superiority in ones own race
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Aversive Racism
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egalitarian social values and negative emotions towards a group that make it so they avoid interacting with them in general
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Sexism
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subordinating a person based on their gender
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Ambivalent Sexism
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directed against women based on both positive and negative attitudes rather than uniform dislike
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Sexual harassment
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unwelcome physical or verbal sexual actions
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Contact Hypothesis
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under certain circumstances direct contact between different groups can decrease prejudice
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Intergroup anxiety
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anxiety when interacting with an outrgroup member
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4 conditions to reduce prejudice with the Contact hypothesis
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1. equal status interaction
2. intergroup cooperation 3. sustained close contact 4. social norms favoring equality |
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Jigsaw Classroom
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cooperative group learning technique that is designed to reduce prejudice and raise self esteem
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Anchoring Effect
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remember years that have specific events in them
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Early Impressions
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can sometimes not be overriden by later impressions
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False Consensus Effect in judging others
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if you do or would do something you are more likely to believe that others will too rather than if you wouldnt or didnt do something
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Salience Bias effects in judgment
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if you are more afraid of something you will think of it more often even if it is a very rare event. (ex: kidnapping and snakebites)
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Human Advantage
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humans cognitively and automatically process
automatic = quick and easy cognitive = slower but more info can be processed |
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4 Components of Automatic Reactions
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1. efficient
2. Unintentional 3. Uncontrollable 4. w/o awareness |
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Recency Principle
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what you have been thinking about lately will enhance your perception of something
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Chronic Principle
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the way we view ourselves translates to the way we view others. athletes view people based on their athletic ability
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Hostile Attribution Bias
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when people are laughing in a room you automatically think they are laughing about you
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Controlled unbelieving
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automatically believe what you see until you process it to be able to reject the experience
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Counterfactual thinking
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evaluate an event based on an imagined alternative
sweet taste of bronze sour taste of silver |
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ABC's Of Attitude
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Affect - emotional reactions and feelings toward the attitude object
Behavior - past behavior towards an object influences future behavior Cognition - thoughts and beliefs about the attitude object |
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univalent attitude
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all positive attitude or all negative, no inbetween
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intra-attitudinal ambivalence
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affect contadicts behavior contradicts cognition
ex: flash of positive when you see a snickers but imagine wife saying its bad for you |
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Ambivalence Amplification
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one intra-attitudinal ambivalence winning out over another. ex: Australian james bond, love him when he shows up to things hate him when he flakes
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Functions of Attitudes
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Knowedge - for breakfast you already know what you like you dont have to try every cereal every morning
Identity Function - need to identify with a certain group |
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(3) Sources of Attitudes
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1. Mere Exposure
2. Classical Conditioning 3. Self Perception Theory |
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Why are attitudes important?
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They predict behavior
attitude --> behavior consistancy |
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Deliberative Model
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Reasoned Attitude --> Behavioral Intention --> Behavior
*Reasoned Attitude = Belief X Evaluation |
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Where does the deliberative model work?
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Political Attitudes: voting behavior
Workplace Attitudes: Looking for a new job College Attitudes: college decisions |
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Assumptions of the deliberative model
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1. Humans are rational beings
2. people consider the implications of their actions before they act |
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Spontaneous Attitude Accessibility Model
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attiude activation --> selective perception --> attitude-biased action
we look at the world through attitude glasses and see things in terms of them |
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Generalized Dual Process Model with Attitudes
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perception of attitude object --> automatic attitude activation -> can either go to theory of planned behavior or just straight to behavior
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Persuasion
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An attempt to change an evaluaive orientation; could happen by changing the evaluative extremity or just the valence entirely
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Central Route to change attitudes
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"Hard way" - thoughtful analysis of arguments, leads to a special focus on argument quality
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