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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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introspection |
the personal observation of our own thoughts feelings or behaviors |
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Why do we study psychology? |
help us understand why we do the things we do by providing context for understanding behavior and trying to figure out the world |
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Psychology is the study of....which talks about what? |
the mind;its activities including though, emotion, and behavior |
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Describing behavior what must we do? |
categorize and measure reactions |
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When did the practice of psychology start? |
1870's but interest has been around since 6000BC
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Dualism |
the idea that the body and mind are seperate |
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monism |
mind is a result of brain activity |
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Ulric said what about knowledge |
gained through sensory experience |
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empiricism |
the mind is a "blank slate" at birth that was filled with ideas gained by observing the world |
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Rene Descartes |
(1596-1650) dualist, rationalist, said the body and mind interact and the mind can control the body |
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John Locke |
(1632-1704) there is only the body and empiricist
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Johannes Muller |
(1801-1858) doctrine of specific nerve energies |
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Hermann von Helmholtz |
(1821-1894) focused on the speed of nerves signaling which was physics based |
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Paul Broca |
(1824-1880) localization of speech production |
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Wilhelm Wundt |
(1832-1920) father of psychology; wanted to understand consciousness with a biological emphasis |
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Structuralism |
the idea the mind can be broken into the smallest of elements of mental experience |
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Titchener (Wundt student) |
expanded on the idea of introspection |
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Gestalt psychology |
believed breaking down a "whole" perception into its building blocks would result in the loss of some important psychological information |
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functionalism |
viewed behaviors as purposeful because it leads to survival |
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William James |
(1842-1910) ideas dominant in psychology wrote the first text on it |
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behaviorism |
concentrates on observable measurable behaviors |
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John B. Watson |
(1878-1958) came to the same conclusion as Pavlov and realized a product must be associated to an image to be successful |
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Ivan Petrovitch Pavlov |
(1849-1936) learning association to anticipate important futures events |
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Edward Torndike |
(1874-1949) proposed a low of effect that suggested behaviors followed by pleasant or helpful outcomes would be more likely to occur in the future |
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Ulric Neisser |
(1928-) focused on information processing, thinking, reasoning and problem solving |
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Sigmond Freud |
(1856-1939) founded the study of personality in psychology; came up with the psychodynamic theory |
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psychodynamic theory |
is the view that explains personality in terms of conscious and unconscious forces |
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Abraham Maslow |
(1908-1970) introduced the major theory of motivation |
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Carl Rodgers |
(1902-1987) client centered therapy
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Double-blinded procedure |
a placebo cannot be distinguished from a real effective substance |
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falsifiable |
means you can imagine situations that demonstate your hypothesis to be false |
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Descriptive methods of observation include |
case studies, naturalistic observation and surveys |
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The case study observation include |
in-depth analysis of the behavior of one person or small number of people |
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naturalist observation |
in-depth study of phenomena in its natural setting |
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operationalization |
the process of translating abstract independent and dependent variables into concrete forms |
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meta-anaylsis |
looking at many pervious experiments on the same topic |
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cross-sectional study |
groups of different ages |
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central tendency |
mean, median, mode |
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relatedness |
the probability that two people share the same alleles from a common ancestor; within a limited number of generations |
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epigenetic |
environment affects genetic expression |
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fitness |
the ability of one genotype to reproduce relative to other genotypes |
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inclusive fitness |
ones genetic contribution is not only ones own genotype but also those of closely related kin |
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Hamilton's rule |
the closer the organism is genetically to a person the more risk it will take |
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alturism |
one individual sacrifices himself to benefit another |
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polygenic |
genetic traits controlled by more than one gene |
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Heritabilityindex of h^2 |
proportion of population variability in some characteristics that can be explained in terms of genetic variability |
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Paul MacLean's Tribune Theory |
-society of the mind -emotion and reason don't always align -when do we go with our gut? -1 bad thing = 3 good things |
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anterograde amnesia |
inability to form new memories |
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retrograde amnesia |
inability to recall past events |
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Central nervous system (CNS) |
brain and spinal cord; continuous units of tissue |
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Peripheral Nervous system (PNS) |
when a nerve branches out of the CNS |
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What do Gila do in relation to the neuron? |
allow neuron to do their job successfully by creating a structural matrix so they stay in place; as well as fix neurons when they are damaged |
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What does Myelin do? |
makes neutral signaling fast and energy efficient by letting the signal skip cells |
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What is action potential? |
the electrical signal the neuron generates; always the same size |
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What is the resting potential? |
the difference between the readings from the interior of the axon and the external fluid |
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propagation |
duplication of the electron signal down the length of the axon terminal |
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reuptake |
when neurotransmitters return to the axon terminal from which they are released |
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summation |
the neuron adds up incoming messages and makes a decision based on the information |
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sympathetic nervous system |
prepares us to react to emergencies by providing the resources needed for extra activity |
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sensory neurons |
carry info from the external environment back to CNS |
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motor neurons |
carry commands from CNS bucket the muscles and glands of the body |
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interneurons |
are used as bridges between sensory and motor neurons |
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Meduall |
contains large bundles of cons traveling to and from higher levels of the brain; maintains essential functions |
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Pons |
involves sleep management, arousal, facial expression; connects cerebellum to the rest of the brain |
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Midbrain |
sensory reflexes, movement pain; reticular functions |
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reticular formation |
control of mood, arousal, sleep |
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subcortical structures |
self awareness, learning, emotion, movement inhibition of impulse and regulation of body stats |
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Thalamus |
input form the most of our sensory systems |
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Basal Ganglia |
controls voluntary movement |
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hypothalamus |
motivation and homeostasis l |
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hippocampus |
long term memories; storage and retrieval |
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anterior cingulate cortex |
in conjunction with hypothalamus in the control of the autonomic; role in decision making, emotion, anticipation of reward and empathy |
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posterior cingulate cortex |
memory and visual processing |
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amygdala |
identifying, remembering, and responding to fear and aggression |
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nucleus accumbens |
reward and pleasure; originates in the cell bodies in the midbrain |
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corpus callosum |
large bundle of axons that connect the two large cerebral hemispheres |
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cerebral cortex |
thin layer of cells covering the surface of the cerebral hemispheres |
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Frontal lobe |
-primary motor cortex -Broca's area -prefrontal cortex -orbitofrontal cortex |
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Broca's area |
production of speech |
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prefrontal cortex |
planning behavior and attention and judgment |
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orbitofronal cortexx |
part of the prefrontal cortex behind the eyes that plays a role in our emotional lives |
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Occipital lobe |
-interpreting input from the eyes by responding to basic information about an image |
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Temporal Lobe |
-process sound; Wernicke's area |
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Wernicke's area |
speck fluently but could make no sense if malfunctioning |
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Parietal Lobe |
-localizes touch, pain, skin temp -taste -tells us how quickly something is moving towards us |
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Lateralization |
localization of a function on the right or left cerebral hemisphere |
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Somatic NS |
transmits commands for voluntary movement from the CNS to the muscles and bring sensory input back to the CNS |
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Autonomic CNS |
responsible for homeostasis |
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parasympathetic division of cells |
located in the brain or lower segments of the spinal cord the direct the storage of energy |
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endocrine system |
provides a means by which the CNS can communicate with the body through the restless of chemical messengers into the bloodstream |
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Electro polarization |
neruo impulse; electrical pattern along the axon |
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inhibiting neurotransmission |
slows down messages |
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receptor agonist |
block neurotransmitters from activation receptors |
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Dopamine |
-produced at the top of the brain stem -initiation, coordination, movement, attention, learning. motivation -reward and pleasure -nearly all drugs effect it |
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Serotonin |
-master of neurotransmitters -mood regulation -controls eating, arousal, sleep -production of relaxation -to much causes halluciogens |
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Norepinephrine |
-produced in locus coeruleus -fight or flight -deficit = depression -surplus = overexcited behavior -alertness and awareness |
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Acetylcholine |
-sensory processing: attention, learning, memory, sleeping -Alzheimers disease may be due to loss of function in this area |
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Endorphins |
-inhibit perception of pain -decrease respiration; increase or decrease heart rate -feeling of reward -alter emotional resposes |
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GABA (Gamma-aminobutyriz acid) |
-most abundant neurotransmitter in the brain -relaxation and anti-anxiety -can mess-up behavior in a noticeable way -"brakes" of the system |
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Glutamate |
-formation of memories |
