Psc 100 Exam 2

Front 1

Gestalt laws of grouping

Back 1

• Basic Tenet – “The whole is more than a sum of its parts.” • Law of Prägnanz – Individuals organize their experience in as simple, concise, symmetrical and complete manner as possible

Front 2

Binocular Depth Cues

Back 2

• Bin. Convergence – Eyes turn inward as moves towards you. • Binocular Disparity – Eyes different angles

Front 3

Monocular Depth Cues

Back 3

• Texture Gradients – Grain of item
• Relative Size
– Bigger is closer
• Interposition
– Closer are in front of other objects

Front 4

Perceptual Illusions

Back 4

When sensation and perception don’t match

Front 5

Direct Perception theories

Back 5

– Perception comes from the stimuli in the environment – Bottom-up processing – Parts are identified, put together, and then recognition occurs

Front 6

Constructive Perception theories

Back 6

– People actively construct perceptions using information based on expectations – Top-down processing

Front 7

Gibson’s Direct Perception (Ecological model)

Back 7

Only bottom up. All info there perception instant. No top-down processing is necessary • Perception and action cannot be separated

Front 8

Bottom-Up Processing Theories

Back 8

• Template theories • Prototype theories • Feature theories • Structural description theories

Front 9

evidence for prototype theory Franks & Bransford (1971)

Back 9

– Presented objects based on prototypes – Prototype not shown – Yet participants are confident they had seen prototype – Suggests existence of prototypes

Front 10

Prototype Evidence Solso & McCarthy (1981)

Back 10

– Participants were shown a series of faces
– Later, a recognition test was given with some old faces, a prototype face, and some new faces that differed in degree from prototype • Participants were more confident they had seen the prototype than actual items they had seen.

Front 11

Research on Prototypes
faces, averageness

Back 11

prototypical faces more attractive • Halberstadt & Rhodes (2000) – prototypes of dogs, watches, and birds on attractiveness – strong relationship between averageness and attractiveness of the dogs, birds, and wristwatches

Front 12

Feature Theories

Back 12

Recognize things by small # of features. Assemble elements into a whole. – cells that respond to specific features, such as lines and angles are referred to as “feature detectors”

Front 13

Feature Evidence Hubel & Wiesel (1979)

Back 13

using single cell technique – Simple cells detect bars or edges of particular orientation in particular location – Complex cells detect bars or edges of particular orientation, exact location abstracted – Hypercomplex cells detect particular colors (simple and complex cells), bars, or edges of particular length or moving in a particular direction

Front 14

Recognition-by-Components Theory (RBC)

Back 14

•Geons: 3-dimensional volumes –36 make-up large proportion of objects in environment –View invariance – can be identified when viewed from different angles

Front 15

Evidence for Geons • Biederman & Cooper (1991)

Back 15

– Used visual priming to demonstrate the existence of geons in a picture naming task – Subjects were shown a series of fragmented pictures and were asked to identify the objects

Front 16

Top-down Processing (Constructive Perspective)

Back 16

• Perception is not automatic from raw stimuli • Processing is needed to build perception • Top-down processing occurs quickly and involves making inferences, guessing from experience, and basing one perception on another

Front 17

Configural-Superiority Effect

Back 17

• Objects presented in context are easier to recognize than objects presented alone • Task: Spot the different stimuli, press button

Front 18

Visual Pathways in the Brain

Back 18

• What / Where Hypothesis – One path for identifying • Temporal lobe lesions in monkeys – Can indicate where but not what – Another for spatially locating • Parietal lobe lesions in monkeys – Can indicate what but not where

Front 19

Neurons and the Environment

Back 19

• Neurons becomes tuned to respond best to what we commonly experience • Areas of the brain are specialized – Fusiform face area responds best to faces – Parahippocampal place area responds to spatial layout information – Extrastriate body area responds to pictures of bodies and parts of bodies (but not faces)

Front 20

“Place area”

Back 20

parahippocampal place area is activated by places, but not other stimuli.

Front 21

“Body area”

Back 21

Extrastriate body area is activated by bodies, but not by other stimuli.

Front 22

Agnosia

Back 22

can't recognize something even though characteristics known. objects or people



– Shows the specialization of our perceptual systems

Front 23

Prosopagnosia

Back 23

• Inability to recognize faces, including one's own • Cannot recognize person from face • Knows a face is a face • Can recognize individuals from voice • Can recognize objects • Can discriminate whether two faces are same or different

Front 24

Simultagnosic

Back 24

– Normal visual fields, yet act blind – Perceives only one stimulus at a time—single word or object

Front 25

Spatial Agnosia

Back 25

– Cannot navigate in even familiar environment – Gets lost

Front 26

Auditory Agnosia

Back 26

– Cannot recognize certain sounds – Can not tell if two melodies are the same or different

Front 27

Ataxia

Back 27

• Disruption of the “how” pathway • Optic ataxia – Cannot use vision to guide movement – Unable to reach for items

Front 28

Agnosias, Ataxias & Cognition

Back 28

• Demonstrate the modularity of cognition • Help us to understand what brain locations are associated with different types of higher level processing • Provide us with a model of how normal processing must work

Front 29

Marcel (1983) Priming

Back 29

Subliminally or consciously present prime (palm). The target word was plant or wrist. Rxn time was measured. The subliminal situation primed faster rxn time for both words. Consciously primed word showed faster for one and slower for the other.

Front 30

Facilitative Priming

Back 30

– Target stimuli (e.g., BUTTER) are processed faster if preceded by a related word (e.g., BREAD)

Front 31

Negative Priming Effect

Back 31

– Target stimuli (e.g., PINE) is processed slower if preceded by a word related to target’s alternate meaning (PALM relating to hand

Front 32

Bowers, Regehr, Balthazard & Parker (1990)

Back 32

Which of these triads is coherent?

Front 33

Salient Stimuli

Back 33

• Some stimuli features are very salient • Stand out and grab attention • Bottom-up - property of the stimuli • Color • Motion

Front 34

be able to tell the difference beteen bottom up and top down

Front 35

Dishabituation

Back 35

•Change in familiar stimuli causes one to notice it again – Smokers who quit, suddenly notice how much their clothes smell of smoke – If clock breaks, suddenly owner notices the clock isn’t chiming

Front 36

Habituation/Dishabituation Paradigm

Back 36

• Allows psychologists to test abilities of Infants and animals • Measure subject’s arousal to see if a change occurs when pattern or sound is changed – If animal or infant dishabituates to a change, then they can detect the change – If the animal or infant does not dishabituate to a change in stimuli, they did not detect the change

Front 37

Functions of Conscious Attention

Back 37

• Signal Detection • Searching • Selective Attention • Divided Attention

Front 38

Signal Detection Theory (SDT)

Back 38

hits, false alarms, misses, false negatives

Front 39

Vigilance and SDT

Back 39

• Vigilance - attend to something over time to detect a target signal. Vigilance decreases quickly (fatigue), thus misses and false alarms increase

Front 40

Treisman’s Feature-Integration Theory

Back 40

• Individual Feature processing is done in parallel. Simultaneous processing is done on the whole display and if feature is present-- we detect it. • Conjunctive searching requires attention to the integration or combination of the features. Attention to particular combination of features must be done sequentially to detect presence of a certain combination.

Front 41

Feature search

Back 41

The thing should just pop out at you like the red T among the other Ts.

Front 42

Conjunctive search

Back 42

Requires looking at each one because you are using a combination of features

Front 43

Similarity Theory

Back 43

• Disagrees with Treisman’s FIT theory • Similarity between targets and distracters is important; not number of features to be combined – The more shared features among items in display, the more difficult to detect a particular target • Some findings cannot be explained by FIT

Front 44

Divided Attention tests

Back 44

Dichotic Listening Task The Stroop Task

Front 45

Selective Attention

Back 45

•Ability to focus on one message and ignore all others

Front 46

Cherry’s Shadowing Technique

Back 46

Listen to two different conversations and repeat one of the messages, may be binaural or dichotic • Noticed in unattended ear: changes in gender, tone. Not notice - language, topic, played backwards

Front 47

what is the difference between binaural and dichotic?

Front 48

Broadbent’s Filter Model

Back 48

• Sensory memory –Holds all incoming information for a fraction of a second – Transfers all information to next stage • Filter – Identifies attended message and passes iton to the next stage • Detector – Processes attended message

Front 49

Broadbent’s Model Could Not Explain

Back 49

Name gets through, effects of practice on other ear, can shadow messages that switch ears.
• Participant’s name gets through • Participants can shadow meaningful messages that switches from one ear to another • Effects of practice on detecting information in unattended ear (e.g., detect digit in unattended ear for naïve and practiced participants)

Front 50

The Stroop Task

Back 50

• Reading is so practiced, what once took conscious effort becomes “automatic” • We become unable to completely ignore what we automatically read • The meaning of the word interferes with the task of naming the color

Front 51

Tresiman’s Attenuation Theory

Back 51

•Intermediate-selection model
–Attended message can be separated
from unattended message early in
the information-processing system
–Selection can also occur later

Front 52

Real Life Dual Task

Back 52

• Driving and – Cell phones – Adjusting music –Watching the scenery • Almost 80 % of crashes and 65 % of near-crashes involved some form of driver inattention within three seconds of the event

Front 53

Strayer & Drews (2007) cell phones

Back 53

• Naturalistic Observation of cell phone use and driver behavior