Principles Week 1

Front 1

In the setting of hypernatremia what fluids should be prepared to infuse depending on the serum osmolality?

Back 1

For hypotonic IV fluids 0.45% , isotonic fluids 0.9%

Front 2

How long should metformin be stopped before and after administration of iodinated contrast medium

Back 2

48 hours

Front 3

What is the function of aldosterone, Angiotensin and antidiuretic hormone

Back 3

They help to prevent lethal drops and perfusion pressure

Front 4

Antidiuretic hormone a vasopressin promotes what?

Back 4

Fluid reabsorption by the kidneys

Front 5

The r a a renin-angiotensin-aldosterone is triggered by a?

Back 5

A decrease in renal perfusion which result in an increase in blood volume and pressure which increases and perfusion

Front 6

Aldosterone promotes what to sodium and what to potassium

Back 6

Sodium retention and potassium excretion

Front 7

If a patient has a condition anuria less than 50 ml it is suggestive what condition

Back 7

Acute or chronic renal failure

Front 8

In the setting of renal insufficiency which diet should be restricted

Back 8

Dietary protein when blood urea nitrogen are elevated

Front 9

A weight gain of 2.2 lb is equivalent to what

Back 9

1 liter of fluid retention

Front 10

If the patient is experiencing pain in the costovertebral angle what could it suggest

Back 10

Nephritis

Front 11

MRIs are contraindicated for patients who have

Back 11

Aneurysm Clips, pacemakers, and internal defibrillators

Front 12

What is the function of the kidneys

Back 12

Regulate red blood cell production, fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance, excrete waste, control blood pressure, and convert vitamin D to its active form

Front 13

The glomerulus are capillaries that allow for filtration and they are the first stage of

Back 13

Urine information

Front 14

What is the flow of urine

Back 14

From the collecting tubule of the Nephron into the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder and then the urethra

Front 15

Glucose is reabsorbed out of the urinary filtrate and returned to the bloodstream unless?

Back 15

The amount in the bloodstream is elevated diabetes is the most common reason to have glycosuria

Front 16

Bicarbonate is reabsorbed where and excess hydrogen ions are excreted where

Back 16

Bicarbonate is reabsorbed into the bloodstream and excess hydrogen ions are excreted into the urinary filtrate to maintain the acid-base

Front 17

What does the 24-hour creatinine clearance evaluates

Back 17

How well the kidneys rid the body of creatinine and is it good indicator for glomerular filtration rate

Front 18

The kidneys produce prostaglandin which causes vasodilation and?

Back 18

Maintains renal blood flow prolonged intake of prostaglandin Inhibitors could impair renal function

Front 19

If urine is produce over the bladder on percussion what sound should you hear

Back 19

a dull sound

Front 20

An early sign of renal injury is a fix specific gravity or round 1.010 and it suggests

Back 20

That the kidneys have lost their ability to concentrate urine

Front 21

A creatinine level measures what? and a blood urea nitrogen indicate what?

Back 21

Creatinine level measures the effectiveness of renal function and is a more sensitive indicator

blood urea nitrogen indicates renal function and fluid volume status

Front 22

To relieve discomfort associated with your urodynamic testing provide

Back 22

A sitz bath

Front 23

To assess for urinary volume and post void residual what should we use

Back 23

A bladder ultrasonography

Front 24

Classic signs of hypocalcemia are

Back 24

Chvodtek's and trousseau's

Front 25

Signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia include

Back 25

Tetany, muscle twitching, bronchospasms, laryngeal spasms, seizures and Hyper irritability

Front 26

When the central nervous system depression caused by magnesium what is given to reverse it

Back 26

Calcium gluconate

Front 27

When phosphorus levels are rise and calcium levels decreases the patient may experience signs of

Back 27

Hypocalcemia

Front 28

Osteodystrophy From elevated phosphorus and low serum calcium could result in

Back 28

End stage renal failure

Front 29

The leading cause of death on patient on dialysis is

Back 29

Cardiovascular disease

Front 30

The five stages that chronic kidney disease progresses through are

Back 30

Glomerular filtration rate steadily decline cama the kidney loses its ability to maintain acid-base, fluid and electrolyte balance

Front 31

Conditions that destroys the glomerulus could result in renal failure in these conditions are

Back 31

Azotemia proteinuria hypoalbuminemia hematuria edema hypertension and a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate

Front 32

Hypertensive encephalopathy resulting from the glomerular nephritis is a medical emergency and measures to do what

Back 32

Reduce blood pressure must be taken without worsening renal function

Front 33

Hypoperfusion could lead to

Back 33

Prerenal injury, damage to the renal parenchyma, could lead to intrarenal injury and obstructions, and could lead to post renal injury

Front 34

What are the classic signs of renal failure

Back 34

Anemia, hyperkalemia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia and metabolic acidosis

Front 35

What should you do to prevent renal injury

Back 35

Treating hypotension promptly, preventing shock, hope fording transfusion reactions, treating infections probably, monitoring renal function closely when nephrotoxic drugs are given

Front 36

Why would hemodialysis be initiated

Back 36

To remove excess fluid and toxic nitrogenous waste from the blood by osmosis and diffusion

Front 37

An arteriovenous fistula takes how many months before it's mature and can be used

Back 37

Two to three months

Front 38

Arteriovenous graft have a higher risk for

Back 38

Thrombosis infection

Front 39

Disequilibrium syndrome due to Rapid removal of solutes during dialysis could cause

Back 39

Headaches, restlessness, decreased level of Consciousness and seizures

Front 40

What does peritoneal dialysis uses to remove waste products and excess fluids from the blood

Back 40

The peritoneal membrane

Front 41

How should the patient be positioned to facilitate. Toenail drainage

Back 41

Reposition the patient or raise the head of the bed

Front 42

Hypotension is a complication home dialysis and patient could present with what

Back 42

Dizziness, diaphoresis, and tachycardia

Front 43

What is not needed on patient with peritoneal dialysis

Back 43

Potassium, sodium and fluid restrictions typically are not needed

Front 44

What kind of intake should be encouraged on patients with peritoneal dialysis

Back 44

Protein

Front 45

Dialysis shunt should be assessed for bruit and thrill over the vascular access and if absent it could suggest

Back 45

Clock or blockage

Front 46

What medication should be with hold prior to dialysis

Back 46

Antihypertensive medication

Front 47

The most accurate way to indicate fluid loss or gain is

Back 47

Daily weight

Front 48

The most common complication of peritoneal dialysis is

Back 48

Peritonitis

Front 49

The leading cause of death following an organ transplant is

Back 49

Infection

Front 50

Signs and symptoms of peritonitis include

Back 50

A rigid board like abdomen with pain fever and leukocytosis

Front 51

Deep tendon reflexes and respiration should be assessed when

Back 51

Patient with hypermagnesemia or when administering magnesium sulfate

Front 52

Which medication should never be used in the presence of renal injury

Back 52

Potassium sparing diuretics

Front 53

Acute rejection signal the need for an increase in immunosuppressants prepare to to remove of the transplant organ in the settings of hyper-acute rejection those signs and symptoms are

Back 53

pain over the site, fever, and swelling

Front 54

One significant complications following rental surgery is

Back 54

Hemorrhage and shock the patient should be closely monitored

Front 55

Signs and symptoms of hypokalemia are

Back 55

Muscle weakness inverted T waves in ST depression, a weak irregular pulse, paralytic ileus, tachydysrhythmia such as ventricular contractions and ventricular tachycardia and you waves

Front 56

The most life-threatening imbalance seen in acute kidney injury is

Back 56

Hyperkalemia leading to leading cardiac dysrhythmia

Front 57

Signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia include

Back 57

Diarrhea, irritability, muscle weakness, tall tented T waves, absent p waves, prolonged PR interval and QRS duration

Front 58

To reduce hyperkalemia administer

Back 58

Insulin, sodium bicarbonate, kayexalate, or diuretics

Front 59

Azotemia and acute renal failure could be due to

Back 59

Chronic urinary retention with large residual volumes

Front 60

In the setting of Edema hypertension and heart failure which electrolyte should be restricted

Back 60

Sodium

Front 61

Is incontinence part of aging process

Back 61

No it's not

Front 62

After a patient has void check for residual urine if output is greater than 100 it's a sign of

Back 62

Retention

Front 63

Ways to retrain the bladder includes

Back 63

Provide a set amount of fluids, apply pressure over the bladder or run water to trigger micturition, straight catheter and record residual urine after the patient voids and discontinue residual checks when the amount is less than 100 ml

Front 64

In the setting of cystitis patients shoes signs and symptoms of

Back 64

Confusion, lethargy and low grade fever

Front 65

Conditions that creates urinary stasis increases the risk for

Back 65

Infection

Front 66

Because cystitis in an adult male is uncommon if it appears in a male patient it could suggest

Back 66

Sexual transmitted illness

Front 67

Patient should always finish medication even if symptoms

Back 67

Subside to reduce drug resistance

Front 68

How can a reflexive of contraction of the bladder occur

Back 68

When the spinal pathway from the brain to the bladder is destroyed

Front 69

How should a stoma wafer be placed

Back 69

It should be cut or mold so that a hugs the stoma

Front 70

Ways to prevent kidney stones include

Back 70

Limiting sodium and protein intake of void oxalate containing food such as peanuts strawberries tea spinach and drink fluids every 1 to 2 hours

Front 71

Fluoquinolones such as ciprofloxacin ends in floxacin. Should be taken with

Back 71

8 oz of fluid

Front 72

Indwelling urinary catheters should be maintained a closed system to decrease

Back 72

Risk for infection

Front 73

Urinary tract irritants should be avoided with a patient with cystitis those irritants are

Back 73

Coffee, Cola, alcohol, Citrus, spices

Front 74

Prevent urinary tract infection but encouraging

Back 74

Showers, cleaning the peritoneum from front to back, increase fluids and avoid irritants, void frequently and after sexual intercourse

Front 75

To decrease urinary incontinence teach

Back 75

Kegel exercise, time for eating, and bladder training

Front 76

If the bladder is not empty completely it increases the risk for

Back 76

Urinary tract infection

Front 77

Signs and symptoms of cystitis include

Back 77

Pain to the super pubic region urgency, odor, frequency and dysuria

Front 78

Swelling over the pubis could suggest

Back 78

Over distended bladder

Front 79

A bladder that's over distended Miss stretch blood vessels in the prosthetic capsule and lead to

Back 79

Secondary hemorrhage

Front 80

Testicular self-exam should begin when and why

Back 80

During adolescence since testicular cancer is more common in the late teens and early adulthood

Front 81

Fever, the cereal, along with signs of urinary tract infection could suggest

Back 81

Prostatitis

Front 82

The single greatest risk factor for acquiring a sexual transmitted disease is

Back 82

The number of sexual partners

Front 83

Old medications for erectile dysfunctions ending in afil example tadalafil should not be taken with what medication and why

Back 83

With nitrates because of the risk for severe hypotension

Front 84

Alpha adrenergic blockers should be administered when and why

Back 84

At night due to the initial risk for orthostatic hypotension

Front 85

Is prostate gland enlargement as part of the aging process

Back 85

Yes it is

Front 86

What does a digital rectal exam assessment allows

Back 86

Assessment of the prostate gland and can detect enlargement and nodules

Front 87

Clinical manifestations of benign prostatic hypertrophy include

Back 87

Dribbling hesitancy cama frequency, urgency, natural and a decrease and the force and volume of the urinary stream

Front 88

What test is used to screen for prostate cancer but it's not 100% accurate

Back 88

The prostate-specific antigen test

Front 89

What medication is used for benign prostatic hypertrophy and what are the precautions

Back 89

Alpha reductase inhibitor tablets that are crushed or broken should not be handled by pregnant women

Front 90

Alpha adrenergic blocker ends in azosin example doxazosin what does it do

Back 90

It relaxes the smooth muscle of the bladder neck and prostate which improves urinary flow

Front 91

Transurethral resection syndrome can occur following a transurethral resection of the prostate when the irrigation solution is absorbed in can cause

Back 91

Hyponatremia and hypovolemia

Front 92

Hyperplastic prostate glands over vascular and increase the risk for

Back 92

Hemorrhage following surgery

Front 93

Bright red, viscous blood with numerous clots suggest an arterial bleed and typically requires

Back 93

Surgical intervention

Front 94

Within 24 hours after prostate surgery the drainage should appear

Back 94

Light pink

Front 95

A bladder that's overdistended me stretch blood vessels in the prosthetic capsule and leads to

Back 95

Secondary hemorrhage

Front 96

Due to the risk of pudendal nerve damage a prostatectomy scary a risk for

Back 96

Impotence

Front 97

Following a prostate surgery if catheter shows a venous bleed such as dark and less viscous blood is suspected what should be applied to the catheter

Back 97

Traction

Front 98

To minimize pressure on the operator side following a prostate surgery patient should

Back 98

Avoid prolonged sitting, straining, lifting or sexual intercourse

Front 99

Testicle torsion is a medical emergency and could result in

Back 99

The loss of testicular function

Front 100

Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia consist of

Back 100

Headache, seizures, lethargy, tachycardia, decrease in blood pressure, thready pulse, hyperactive bowel sounds and abdominal cramps