Plc Chapter 2

Front 1

Plankalkul

Back 1

-- Konrad Zuse
-- 1932 - 1945
-- single bit, 2's compliment for floating pt
-- "hidden bit scheme"
-- Fin command
-- inclusion of mathematical expressions

Front 2

Short Code

Back 2

-- John Mauchly
-- 1949
-- UNIVAC 1
-- pure interpreter, automatic programming
--words of memory had 72 bits grouped into 12 six-bit bytes

Front 3

SpeedCoding

Back 3

-- John Backus
-- IBM 701- 1954
-- pseudoinstructions for +, -, * , / operators
-- mathematical operations
-- I/O conversions
-- automatically incrementing address registers
--conditional & unconditional branches

Front 4

UNIVAC

Back 4

Grace Hooper
A-0, A-1, A-2 computers

Front 5

FORTRAN

Back 5

-- John Backus
-- first "widely used" compiled high level language.
-- scientific computations
-- speed of generated object was primary

Front 6

Fortran 1

Back 6

-- Input/Output Formatting
-- Variable names upto six characters
-- user defined subroutines
-- IF selection and LOOP statement
-- no data types
-- I,J,K,L,M,N -int others- float

Front 7

Fortran -IV

Back 7

-- type declarations, logical IF statement
-- passing subprograms as parameters to other subprograms

Front 8

Fortran -77

Back 8

-- character string handling
-- logical loop control statement
-- IF with optional ELSE clause

Front 9

Fortran-90

Back 9

--dynamic arrays
--records
--pointers
--multiple selection statement
--modules
--subprograms could be recursively called

Front 10

Fortran-2003

Back 10

--object oriented programming
--parameterized derieved types
--procedure pointers
--interoperability with C

Front 11

LISP

Back 11

--Allen Newell, J.C Shaw, Herbert Simon
-- John McCarthy
-- pure LISP
--atoms & lists
-- Scheme, COMMON Lisp, MetaLanguage, Miranda, Haskell

Front 12

ALGOL58

Back 12

-- Fritz Bauer
-- variables can have any length names
-- arrays can have any dimensions
-- lower bound should be specified
-- formalized data types
--allowed compound statement
--selection statements to be nested

Front 13

ALGOL60

Back 13

--John Backus, PeterNaur
--BNF representation
--Block structure added
-- passing parameters by name &value
-- stack dynamic arrays
-- machine independent
- syntax formally described

Front 14

COBOL

Back 14

-- business operations
-- "DEFINE"
-- Data division is strong
-- every variable and file records are described in detail
-- first language to be accepted by DoD
--word-connector characters(dashes)
--hierarchichal data structures

Front 15

BASIC

Back 15

--John Kemeny & Thomas Kurtz
-- came from Fortran and ALGOL60
-- allows program development
-- Visual Basic.NET supports OOP

Front 16

PL/I

Back 16

-- IBM
-- combines Fortran IV, COBOL60, ALGOL60
-- handle 23 types of exceptions
-- procedures could be called recursively
-- programs could create concurrently executing tasks
-- pointers we included as data type
--cross sections of arrays could be referenced

Front 17

APL

Back 17

--Kenneth Iverson
--does not depend on any language and did not influence any
--computer architecture
--large #of operators
-- special trackball developed

Front 18

SNOBOL

Back 18

--Farber, Polensky & Griswald
-- Bell Laboratories
-- used for writing text editors

Front 19

SIMULA67

Back 19

-- Ole Johan Dahl, Kristen Nygaard
-- extension of ALGOL60
--used as simulation language
--coroutines
-- developed class constructs

Front 20

ALGOL68

Back 20

--IMPLICIT HEAP DYNAMIC ARRAYS
-- flex arrays
-- use of orthogonality
--user defined data types

Front 21

Pascal

Back 21

--Niklaus Wirth & Tony Hoare
--Descendent of ALGOL
--teaching language

Front 22

C

Back 22

--Dennis Ritchie
-- CPL, BCPL, B, ALGOL68
-- B is an untyped language, all data are considered machine words
--C is typed.
--adequate control statements & data structuring facilities

Front 23

Prolog

Back 23

--Robert Kowalski, Alain Colamerauer, Phillippe Roussel
-- Logic Programming language
-- non procedural, describes only the charactersitics of the result

Front 24

Ada

Back 24

--history's larget design effort
-- Jean Ichbiah
-- Packages, Generic packages and subprograms, Tasks, exception handling

Front 25

Ada95

Back 25

Inheritance, polymorphism, Protect objects

Front 26

SmallTalk

Back 26

--Alan Kay
-- purely object oriented
-- send a message to object to invoke its method and the result is an object
--classes are similar to SIMULA67 classes
--syntax is not similar to any other language

Front 27

C++

Back 27

--Bjarne Stroustrup
--enhancement to C
(read notes)
-- imperative + object oriented
--dynamic binding is provided by virtual functions
-- supports function & class templates

Front 28

Eiffel

Back 28

--Bertrand Meyer
--imperative & object oriented
-- integrated use of assertions to enforce contract b/w subprograms & their callers

Front 29

Delphi

Back 29

--Anders Hejlsberg
-- object-oriented support to Pascal

Front 30

Java

Back 30

--James Gosling
--web programming
--applets
--threads
--both compiler & interpreter
-- object oriented
--garbage collection

Front 31

Perl

Back 31

--Lary wall
-- based on "sh" and "awk"
-- variables start with $
-- arrays start with @
-- hash names with %
--arrays are called hashes
-- strings can be converted to numbers and vice versa
--UNIX utility
--CGI scripts

Front 32

JavaScript

Back 32

--Netscape & SUN Microsystems
-- Standardized by ECMA
-- Microsoft version -JScript
-- dynamically typed
--array subrscipts are not checked
--does not support inheritance

Front 33

PHP

Back 33

--Rasmus Lerdorf
-- Hypertext processor
--open-source
--simlar to JavaScript in appearance
--

Front 34

Python

Back 34

--Guido Van Rossum
--syntax is not based on any language
-- data structures--tuples, lists, dictionaries
--object oriented
--exception handling
--garbage collection

Front 35

Ruby

Back 35

--Yukihiro Matsumoto
--pure object oriented
--syntax related to Eiffel & Ada
-- Local variables start with - letter
-- global- $
--istance -@

Front 36

Lua

Back 36

--Roberto Ierusalimschy , Waldermar Celes, Luiz henrique de Figuriredo
-- imperative & functional
--one data structure-- table
-- garbage collection
--21 reserved words
--used by game programmers

Front 37

C# .NET

Back 37

--Microsoft
--based on C, c++, Java, Delphi, Visual Basic

Front 38

ALGOL-W

Back 38

--case statement

Front 39

Categories of Programming Languages

Back 39

Procedural
Declarative

Front 40

Declarative Languages

Back 40

Functional
Logic

Front 41

Procedural

Back 41

Imperative
Object Oriented

Front 42

Functional

Back 42

Lisp
Scheme
Haskell
MetaLanguage
Miranda

Front 43

Logic

Back 43

Prolog

Front 44

Imperative

Back 44

Fortran
Pascal
Basic
C
Perl

Front 45

Object oriented

Back 45

Smalltalk
Eiffel
C++
Java
Python
Ruby