Plant Growth And Development

Front 1

Define Vernalization

Back 1

The cold treatment or chilling treatment of germinating seeds or seedlings to promote early flowering is called Vernalization.

Front 2

The cold treatment or chilling treatment of germinating seeds or seedlings to promote early flowering is called __________________ or _________________

Back 2

Vernalization, Yarovisation

Front 3

What did Klippart find? Mention year

Back 3

Klippart in 1857 found that the winter variety of wheat could be converted into spring variety if wheat if germinating seeds are kept at freezing temperature of 0℃ to 5℃

Front 4

What is the optimum temperature for Yarovization?

Back 4

0℃ to 5℃

Front 5

Explain the meaning of winter variety

Back 5

Sown in winter (late autumn) flowering in spring

Front 6

Explain the meaning of spring variety

Back 6

Sown in spring flowering in summer

Front 7

Give examples of plants having two varieties - winter and spring

Back 7

Wheat, barley, rye, oats

Front 8

What is the effect of the exposure to low temperature ?

Back 8

Prevents precocious reproductive development, late in growing season, and enables plants to have sufficient time to reach maturity

Front 9

What is the effect of planting winter variety in spring?

Back 9

Fail to flower or produce mature grain within span of flowering season

Front 10

Winter variety requires _______ temperature exposure before flowering

Back 10

Low

Front 11

Write the season for following events for winter variety -

1. Small seedlings -

2. Resume growth -

3. Harvested -

Back 11

1. Winter

2. Spring

3. Mid-summer

Front 12

The term Yarovization was used by - (Mention name, nationality, field of study, year of naming)

Back 12

Lysenko, Russian Geneticist, 1928

Front 13

Vernalization treatment can be given to - (3 according to stage)

Back 13

Seeds, seedlings, 10-day old plants

Front 14

Method of Vernalization in -

1. Biennials and perennials

2. Annuals

Back 14

1. In biennials and perennials, the site of stimulus for Vernalization is shoot apex

2. In annuals, water soaked seeds are given cold treatment and site of treatment is embryo

Front 15

Melchers suggested that Vernalization initiates a stimulus for formation of hormone called _____________ which induces flowering

Back 15

Vernalin

Front 16

Who suggested the hormone Vernalin?

Back 16

Melchers

Front 17

Vernalin is scientifically clinically experimented - True or False giving reason

Back 17

False - It is yet to be isolated

Front 18

What is devernalization?

Back 18

If vernalized seeds are subjected to high temperature (35℃) then the effect of vernalization is reversed. This is called devernalization

Front 19

Temperature for Devernalization

Back 19

35℃

Front 20

Is Vernalization enough for flowering? Justify your answer

Back 20

Vernalization alone is not enough to induce flowering but it should be followed by exposure to required photoperiod of that species of plant.

Front 21

Significance of Vernalization

Back 21

1. Shortens vegetative phase and induces early flowering

2. Increases resistance for cold

3. Increases resistance against fungal diseases

4. Biennials (eg. Sugarbeet, cabbage, carrot) can be convert into annuals

5. Winter varieties into spring varieties

Front 22

Examples of biennials

Back 22

Sugarbeet, cabbage, carrot

Front 23

Define Photoperiodism

Back 23

The response of plants to the relative length of light and darker periods with reference to initiation of flowering is called photoperiodism.

Front 24

The term photoperiodism was first used by

Back 24

American plant breeders Garner and Allard

Front 25

What was the observation of Garner and Allard?

Back 25

They observed that Maryland Mammoth variety of tobacco could be made to flower in summer by reducing the light hours with artificial darkening. It could be made to remain vegetative in winter by increasing the light hours.

Front 26

Define critical photoperiod.

Back 26

The duration of light required to induce flowering in a plant is called the critical photoperiod or critical day length.

Front 27

Critical Photoperiod is also known as

Back 27

Critical day length

Front 28

Flowering in certain plants depends not only on combination of light and dark exposure but also their _____________.

Back 28

Relative duration

Front 29

In Maryland Mammoth, flowering takes place at different times at different altitudes - True or False

Back 29

True

Front 30

What are short day plants?

Back 30

The plants in which flowering is induced under short day length conditions are called short day plants.

Front 31

What are long day plants?

Back 31

The plants which produces flowers when the day length is longer than the critical photoperiod are called short day plants

Front 32

What is critical photoperiod in

1. SDP

2. LDP

Back 32

1. A limit below which plants produce flowers

2. A limit above which plants produce flowers

Front 33

Dark period is known as

Back 33

Skotoperiod

Front 34

Give other names for

1. Short day plants

2. Long day plants

3. Day neutral plants

Back 34

1. Long night plants

2. Short night plants

3. Indeterminate or photo neutral plants

Front 35

What is the meaning of day neutral plants?

Back 35

The plants in which flowering is not affected by length of day are known as Day neutral plants

Front 36

Examples of Short Day Plants

Back 36

Chrysanthemum, Cosmos, Dahlia, Marigold, Soyabean, Tobacco, Viola, Xanthium (Chry-Cos-Dah-Marisoya-Tovixa)

Front 37

Examples of Long day plants

Back 37

Beet, Lettuce, Mentha, Poppy, Radish, Spinach, Wheat (Beleme Wheporaspi)

Front 38

Examples of day neutral plants

Back 38

Catharanthus, Cucumber, Maize, Rose, Shoe-flower, Sunflower, Tomato (Cacumaro Shoesuto)

Front 39

The site of perception of light/dark duration are the ___________.

Back 39

Leaves

Front 40

______________ is hormone which is synthesized in leaves and is conducted through phloem up the floral bud to initiate the reproductive growth

Back 40

Florigen

Front 41

Who named florigen so?

Back 41

Cajlachjan

Front 42

Shoot apices modify themselves into flowering apices prior to flowering by perceiving photoperiod themselves - True or False giving reasons

Back 42

Shoot apices modify themselves into flowering apices prior to flowering. But they cannot perceive photoperiod by themselves. It is due to florigen

Front 43

Plants can sense _________________, ________________, ________________ and ________________.

Back 43

Light direction, quality (wavelength), intensity and periodicity

Front 44

Light induces _______________ (5) in plants.

Back 44

Phototropism, photomorphogenesis, chloroplast differentiation, flowering and germination.

Front 45

Light quality is mainly sensed by _________________.

Back 45

Presence of different light receptors, specific for different wavelength

Front 46

What is Photomorphogenesis?

Back 46

Photomorphogenesis involves inhibition of stem elongation, the differentiation of chloroplasts, accumulation on chlorophyll, expansion of leaves and shortened internodes. (5)

Front 47

What is Skotomorphogenesis?

Back 47

Skotomorphogenesis involves elongation of stem, undifferentiated chloroplasts, unexpanded leaves and long internode. (4)

Front 48

Photomorphogenesis can be induced by _____________ (colours with wavelengths)

Back 48

Red (660 nm), far red (740 nm) and blue (500 nm).

Front 49

___________________ are photoreceptors found in ___________.

Back 49

Phytochromes, leaves

Front 50

Phytochromes are ________________

Back 50

Proteins

Hint 50

(type of biomolecule)

Front 51

What are the forms of phytochromes? (Name, colour, colour-wavelength absorbed)

Back 51

1. Pr - blue green - absorbs red - 660 nm

2. Pfr - light green - absorbs far red - 740 nm

Front 52

Pfr and Pr are inter- (convertible/unconvertible)

Back 52

Interconvertible

Front 53

Which hormones promote flowering in SDP and LDP respectively?

Back 53

SDP - Pr

LDP - Pfr

Front 54

What are the two classes of blue light receptors? Give the colour absorbed respectively

Back 54

1. Cryptochromes - Green, Blue, UV

2. Phototropin - Blue

Front 55

What is the formula for absolute growth?

Back 55

Absolute Growth = Final - Initial....... (length/area/etc)

Front 56

What is the formula for relative growth?

Back 56

Relative Growth = (Absolute)÷(Initial) x 100...... (length/area/etc)

Front 57

Relative growth is generally higher in _____________.

Back 57

Young developing plant parts

Front 58

What are the factors upon which growth depends?

Back 58

Water, nutrients, oxygen, temperature, light, gravity etc (WLG Not)

Front 59

Optimum temperature required for growth in tropic plants is ___________.

Back 59

28℃ to 30℃

Front 60

Growth ___________ with decrease in temperature due to _______________.

Back 60

Decreases, inactivity of enzymes

Front 61

Light is essential for all stages of growth - Correct the sentence

Back 61

Light is not essential for early growth but further growth occurs only in presence of light

Front 62

In absence of light, plants show ________________.

Back 62

Etiolation (whitening due to light)

Hint 62

Disorder

Front 63

Environment signals such as gravity affect ___________.

Back 63

Some phases of growth

Front 64

Define growth

Back 64

Growth is defined as a vital process which brings about irreversible increase in any organism or its part with respect to its size, form, weight and volume.

Front 65

Real growth is _____________.

Back 65

Formation of new protoplasm

Front 66

Define seed dormancy

Back 66

Inability of viable seeds to germinate even under suitable environmental conditions is known as seed dormancy.

Front 67

Causes of seed dormancy with example

Back 67

1. Hard seed coats (Allisema)

2. Seed coats impermeable to water (Legumes) and gases (Eg. Xanthium)

3. Presence of immature embryo (Few orchids)

4. Lightsensitive of photoblastic seeds (+ve - Tomato, –ve - Nigella)

5. Presence of germination inhibitors (Abscisic Acid, Paraascorbic acid)

Front 68

Explain scarification

Back 68

Softening of seed coats by

1. Artificially - Sand paper/ knife/ alcohol/ acid

2. Naturally - Sand particles in soil/ passage of seed through animal gut

Front 69

Explain stratification

Back 69

Layering of seeds in specific medium and then exposing them to

1. Warm stratification - 15℃ to 20℃

Then 2. Cold stratification - 0℃ to 10℃

Front 70

How are germination inhibitors removed?

Back 70

Washing seeds thoroughly with water. Naturally by heavy rainfall

Front 71

Examples of hormones for breaking sees dormancy

Back 71

Gibberellins, Auxins

Front 72

Define seed germination

Back 72

Seed germination is defined as the process in which a dormant embryo of seed resumes metabolic activities and grows to produce a seedling

Front 73

On the basis of behaviour of cotyledons, germination is of ____ types -

Back 73

Two - Hypogeal and Epigeal

Front 74

On the basis of _______________, germination is of two types.

Back 74

behaviour of cotyledons

Front 75

Which part of seed comes out first and second respectively and how?

Back 75

1. Radicle - Through micropyle

2. Plumule - Seed coat rupturing

Front 76

During germination , the seed absorbs __________ and __________.

Back 76

Water, swells

Front 77

In mangroves, there is special type of germination called _______________.

Back 77

Viviparous germination

Front 78

In ___________, there is special type of germination called Viviparous germination.

Back 78

mangroves (usually)

Front 79

Define Hypogeal Germination

Back 79

The type of germination in which the cotyledons remain below the soil surface is called Hypogeal Germination.

Front 80

Define Epigeal germination

Back 80

The type of germination in which the cotyledons come above the soil surface is called Epigeal Germination

Front 81

What part elongates in

1. Hypogeal germination

2. Epigeal germination

3. Viviparous germination

Back 81

1. Epicotyl

2. Hypocotyl

3. Hypocotyl

Front 82

What is the speciality of Epigeal germination?

Back 82

The cotyledons become green and function as embryonic leaves till development of foliage leaves.

Front 83

Embryonic leaves are speciality of _______

Back 83

Epigeal germination

Front 84

Examples of plants showing Hypogeal germination

Back 84

Most Monocots - Rice, Wheat, Jowar, Maize, etc

Some dicots - Gram, groundnut, pea, Mango

Front 85

Examples of plants showing Epigeal germination

Back 85

Many dicots - Bean, castor, cotton, tamarind

Some monocot - Onion

Front 86

Viviparous germination is usually seen in _______________ eg. Mangroves which grow in _______________ soil

Back 86

Halophytes; Oxygen-deficient, salty, marshy

Front 87

Define Viviparous germination

Back 87

The type of germination in which seeds germinate within the fruit, when it is still attached to parent plant is called Viviparous germination.

Front 88

The phenomenon of germination in which seeds germinate within the fruit, when it is still attached to parent plant is called _____________.

Back 88

Vivipary

Front 89

5 steps of Viviparous germination

Back 89

1. Hypocotyl elongates and radicle gets pushes out of seed and fruit

2. Radicle elongates and swells

3. Increased metabolism --- Seedling gains weight ---- gets detached

4. Falls down vertically and embedded in soil

5. Radicle penetrates soil. Lateral roots develop from lower side of radicle for anchorage

Front 90

In viviparous germination, after Seedling falls, Lateral roots develop from _________ side of radicle for ___________.

Back 90

Lower, proper anchorage

Front 91

Examples of Viviparous germination

Back 91

Mangroves - Rhizophora, Sonneretia, Avicennia

Non mangroves - Papaya, Jackfruit, Mango

Front 92

The form of growth in which new cells are added by activity of meristem is called _________________.

Back 92

Open form of growth

Front 93

A single Maize root apical meristem can give rise to __________________ per ____________.

Back 93

More than 17,500 new cells, hour

Front 94

Cells in watermelon may increase in size by _______________

Back 94

350,000 times

Front 95

What are the three phases of growth (with alternative names)? (In sequence)

Back 95

1. Cell division, formative, meristematic,lag phase

2. Cell enlargement, elongation, log/exponential phase

3. Cell maturation, differentiation, steady/stationary phase

Front 96

Vacuoles are absent in cells in ___________ phase

Back 96

Division

Front 97

Is there a increase in size in meristematic phase?

Back 97

Yes, slight

Front 98

In enlargement phase, enlargement of cells is more in ___________ direction resulting in ________________.

Back 98

Linear, elongation of root and stem

Front 99

Deposition of cellulose in cell wall takes place in _______________ phase.

Back 99

Elongation

Front 100

How do cells enlarge in elongation phase?

Back 100

In this phase, there is increased vacuolation, synthesis of protoplasm and solutes. The high solute concentration causes endosmosis and cells become turgid.

Front 101

The term grand period of growth was given by ___________________. (Nationality, type of study and Name)

Back 101

Sachs, German physiologist

Front 102

What is Grand period of Growth? ( 2 definitions)

Back 102

1. Time interval from the formative phase to maturation phase

2. Total time required for completion of three phases of Growth

Front 103

Grand period of growth is of _________________ and observed in _________________.

Back 103

Universal occurrence; cells, organs, organisms undergoing growth

Front 104

What is the position of cells in elongation phase?

Back 104

Proximal to meristematic zone

Front 105

Maximum elongation occurs in __________________.

Back 105

Conducting tissues and fibres

Front 106

Maximum rate of growth is in __________ phase.

Back 106

Elongation/ log

Front 107

The shape of growth curve is ___________.

Back 107

Sigmoid

Front 108

What are two types of growth?

Back 108

Arithmetic and Geometric growth

Front 109

What is graph for arithmetic growth? What is the equation of graph?

Back 109

Constant linear curve, Lt = L0 + rt

Front 110

What is graph for Geometric growth? What is the equation of graph?

Back 110

Sigmoid, Wt = W0 e^rt

Front 111

What is the reason for stationary phase?

Back 111

Limited nutrients, which eventually which eventually get exhausted

Front 112

Write the type of growth for following specifications -

1. One daughter cell continues to divide while other undergoes differentiation and maturation

2. All progeny cells retain ability of cell division

Back 112

1. Arithmetic 2. Geometric

Front 113

Example of geometric growth

Back 113

Common in unicellular organisms when grown in nutrient rich medium

Front 114

A sigmoid growth is characteristic of living organism growing in _______________

Back 114

Natural environment

Front 115

The three phases of growth are found in ______________ growth curve

Back 115

Geometric

Front 116

In Wt = W0 e^rt, r is the ________________ and referred to as ________________.

Back 116

Relative growth, Efficiency index

Front 117

What is differentiation?

Back 117

The act leading to maturation by morphological and biochemical changes to perform specific functions is termed as differentiation.

Front 118

What is dedifferentiation?

Back 118

In plants, the living differentiated permanent cells regain the capacity of division and become meristematic under certain conditions. This phenomenon is called dedifferentiation.

Front 119

What is redifferentiation?

Back 119

The phenomenon in which dedifferentiated cells undergo maturation or differentiation is called redifferentiation.

Front 120

What does dedifferentiation involve?

Back 120

Dedifferentiation involves activation of certain genes which not only reverse differentiation but also stimulate cell division.

Front 121

What is development?

Back 121

Sum total of growth and differentiation

Front 122

Define development

Back 122

The term development includes all the changes that a plant undergoes in its lifetime from germination of seed to senescence.

Front 123

What is plasticity?

Back 123

The ability of plants to produce different structures in response to genetic factors is called plasticity.

Front 124

Heterophylly in larkspur is __________ and that in buttercup is _____________.

Back 124

Genetic, environmental

Front 125

Examples of plants showing plasticity with explanation

Back 125

Cotton, coriander, larkspur

Juvenile - simple leaf

Adult - compound leaf

Front 126

Examples of plants showing environment heterophylly with explanation

Back 126

Buttercup (Ranunculus flabellaris)

Terrestrial - expanded lamina

Aquatic - dissected lamina

Front 127

Plasticity is also known as

Back 127

Genetic heterophylly

Front 128

PGRs are (names)

Back 128

Plant growth regulators, plant growth hormones, phytohormones

Front 129

PGRs are required in _________________ quantity

Back 129

Very small

Front 130

Different types of plant hormones

Back 130

CAGTI - Carotenoids derivatives, adenine derivatives, gases, terpenes, Indole compounds

Front 131

PGRs which are Indole compounds with examples

Back 131

Auxins --- IAA i.e. Indole-3-Acetic acid i.e. C10H9O2N

Front 132

PGRs which are adenine derivatives with examples

Back 132

Cytokinins --- kinetin i.e. furfurylamino purine

Front 133

Examples of Carotenoids derivatives PGRs

Back 133

ABA i.e. abscisic acid

Front 134

PGRs which are terpenes with examples

Back 134

Gibberellins --- GA3

Front 135

Example of gaseous PGR

Back 135

Ethylene C2H4

Front 136

Two types of growth regulators

Back 136

Growth promoters and growth inhibiters

Front 137

The discoveries of PGRs started with observation of

Back 137

Charles Darwin and Francis Darwin

Front 138

Observation of Charles Darwin

Back 138

Coleoptiles of canary grass (Phalaris canariensis) responded to unilateral illumination by growing towards the light source

Front 139

During mid 1960s the inhibitors identified were ________. Chemically it was same compound named __________.

Back 139

Inhibitor-B, inhibitor II, dormin. Abscisic acid (ABA)

Front 140

Who confirmed the release of volatile substance from ripened oranges causing ripening of unripe bananas?

Back 140

Cousins

Front 141

Cousins confirmed the release of volatile substance from ripened __________ causing ripening of unripe ____________.

Back 141

Oranges, bananas

Front 142

Auxins is derived from ___________ first given by _________.

Back 142

Greek word auxein = to grow, Went

Front 143

Auxins were first isolated in _______________.

Back 143

Human urine

Front 144

Auxins are __________________. (Chemical nature)

Back 144

Weak organic acid

Front 145

Auxin was isolated by _______________ from __________________ in the form of ________________.

Back 145

F.W. Went, coleoptile tip of oat (Avena sativa) seedlings, Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)

Front 146

Went cut of Avena coleoptiles and placed them on _________________ and these were placed ________________ on ________________.

Back 146

Agar-agar blocks, asymmetrically, decapitated coleoptile stumps.

Front 147

In Went's observation, all the coleoptiles showed typical curvature even in dark - True or False

Back 147

True

Front 148

Avena curvature test is used as _____________ for _____________.

Back 148

Bioassay for examining auxin activity

Front 149

What is used as Bioassay for examining auxin activity?

Back 149

Avena curvature test

Front 150

Direction of Translocation with explanation

Back 150

Polar manner, from morphological apex to base, in stem downwards, in root upwards

Front 151

Types of Auxins with examples

Back 151

* Natural - IAA (Indole-3- Acetic acid), IBA (Indole butyric acid)

* Synthetic - NAA (Naphthalene Acetic acid), 2,4 - D (2,4 - Dichloro phenoxy Acetic acid), 2,4,5 - T (2,4,5 - Trichloro phenoxy Acetic acid)

Front 152

Lower concentration of Auxins promotes ______________, high concentration promotes

Back 152

Growth of root and axillary buds, growth of stem

Front 153

What is the primary effect of auxin?

Back 153

Promote elongation of cells and controls xylem differentiation

Front 154

Auxin is responsible of cell division in ____________.

Back 154

Cambium

Front 155

Application of auxin in tissue culture

Back 155

For formation of callus

Front 156

Application of IAA in low concentration induces

Back 156

Formation of adventitious roots in stem cutting - Rhizogenesis

Front 157

Which auxin is used in rhizogenesis?

Back 157

IAA

Front 158

What is apical dominance?

Back 158

The phenomenon in which growing apical bud inhibits growth of lateral bud

Front 159

Lateral buds require comparatively ___________ concentration of auxin for growth

Back 159

Lower

Front 160

_____________ or_____________ concentration of auxin suppresses growth of lateral buds

Back 160

Supra optimal, higher

Front 161

Art of pruning

Back 161

Apical bud or stem tip is cut off - auxin production is stopped - concentration is reduced - rapid growth of lateral buds - bushy appearance

Front 162

Where is art of pruning used?

Back 162

Tea plantation and hedge-making

Front 163

Application of auxin in abscission

Back 163

Prevents action of hydrolytic enzymes in abscission layer (at base of petiole or peduncle)

Front 164

Auxins promote abscission in ______________.

Back 164

Older parts

Front 165

Auxins promote flowering in ___________.

Back 165

Pineapples

Front 166

Application of Auxins in Parthenocarpy - Types and Fruits

Back 166

IBA, NAA ... Seedless fruits in GOAT (grapes , oranges, tomatoes, apples)

Front 167

Role of Auxins as weedicide - Type and use

Back 167

2, 4 - D and 2,4,5 - T .... Eliminates dicot weeds from monocot field... Target specific .. so no harm to monocot

Front 168

Precursors for following PGRs

1. Auxins

2. Gibberellins

3. Cytokinins

4. Ethylene

5. Abscisic acid

Back 168

1. Tryptophan

2. Acetyl Coenzyme A / Mevalonic acid

3. Adenine

4. Methionine

5. Violaxanthin

Front 169

Growth is measured in plants with the help of __________________.

Back 169

1. Auxanometer (arc auxanometer and Pleffer's auxanometer)

2. Horizontal microscope

3. Crescograph (a sensitive apparatus developed by Sir. J. C. Bose)

Front 170

Bioassays for following PGRs

1. Auxins

2. Gibberellin GA3

3. Cytokinins

4. Ethylene

5. Abscisic acid

Back 170

1. Avena curvature test and rice root inhibition test

2. Dwarf Maize leaf sheath elongation bioassay, barley half seed endosperm test or (alpha)-amylase bioassay

3. Chlorophyll retention test, root inhibition test

4. Triple pea test and pea stem swelling test

5. Rice seedling Growth inhibition test and inhibition of alpha-amylase in barley endosperm test

Front 171

Hormone responsible for phototropism and geotropism

Back 171

Auxins

Front 172

1. Auxins 2. Gibberellins 3. Cytokinins 4. Ethylene

Each of the above induces ____________ (gender) in plants

Back 172

1. Feminization 2. Maleness 3. Femaleness 4. Femaleness

Front 173

Examples of plants requiring low temperature

Back 173

Secale cereale (European rye), Triticum vulgare, Brasicca oleracea, Beta vulgaris, Apium perenne, Lolium perenne

Front 174

How does Abscisic acid promote senescence?

Back 174

Loss of chlorophyll - decreased rate of photosynthetis - inhibits RNA and Protein synthesis

Front 175

ABA brings about closing of stomata therefore it is ______________.

Back 175

Anti-transpirant

Front 176

Name of plant observed by Garner and Allard

Back 176

Maryland Mammoth variety of tobacco

Front 177

Differentiate between florigen and vernalin

Back 177

Florigen - In leaves, transport by phloem, requires photoperiod

Vernalin - In shoot apex, no transport, required low temperature

Front 178

Gibberellins were discovered in ___________ by ___________ in ___________ infected by _______________ causing _________________.

Back 178

Japan, Kurosawa, rice plants, fungus Gibberella fujikuroi, bakane or foolish seedling disease

Front 179

Who isolated disease causing substance from culture filtrate of Gibberella fujikuroi? What was the name given?

Back 179

Yabuta and Sumiki, Gibberellins

Front 180

More than _______ types of gibberellins are discovered

Back 180

100

Front 181

First discovered, widely studied and commonly occurring gibberellin is _______.

Back 181

GA3

Front 182

Transport direction of following PGRs

1. Auxins

2. Gibberellins

3. Cytokinins

4. Ethylene

5. ABA

Back 182

1. Polar

2. Non-Polar

3. Polar

4. No transport

5. Non-Polar

Front 183

Commercial applications of Gibberellins w.r.t. Elongation

Back 183

1. Increase the length of jute fibres to increase eco. value

2. Increase the length of Sugarcane stem thus increasing yield (sugar) - 20 tonnes/ acre

Front 184

Which hormone is used to increase commercial value of leafy vegetables? How?

Back 184

Gibberelins, Leaf expansion

Front 185

Conversion of small plant into tall plant

1. Hormone -

2. Limitation -

Back 185

1. Gibberellins

2. Genetically dwarf to phenotypically tall . Hence treatment required at every generation

Front 186

Gibberellins are commercially used to increase fruit size of

Back 186

Thompson seedless variety of grapes

Front 187

Gibberellins are commercially used to improve shape of

Back 187

Apples

Front 188

Gibberellins acts _______________________ for breaking bud dormancy.

Back 188

Cold season and long day conditions

Front 189

Which hormone is used to induce flowering in LDP in short day conditions?

Back 189

Gibberellins

Front 190

How does gibberellins help in seed germination?

Back 190

By synthesis of alpha-amylase

Front 191

Which of auxins/gibberellins is more effective in Parthenocarpy?

Back 191

Gibberellins

Front 192

Commercial use of gibberellins related to delay of senescence

Back 192

Fruits can be left on trees longer so as to extend market period

Front 193

What is bolting?

Back 193

Stem elongation just prior to flowering

Front 194

What causes bolting?

Back 194

Gibberellins

Front 195

Gibberellins cause bolting in ______________

Back 195

Beet, cabbage having profuse leaf branching

Front 196

Spray of gibberellins on ______________ hastens _____________ leading to early seed production.

Back 196

Juvenile conifers, maturation

Front 197

Which is the only gaseous PGR?

Back 197

Ethylene C2H4

Front 198

___________ reported that ethylene promotes ripening of fruits.

Back 198

Gane

Front 199

What happens if light of 1. 660 nm 2. 740 nm each falls on 1. SDP 2. LDP

Back 199

740 on SDP and 660 on LDP - promote flowering

660 on SDP and 740 on SDP - inhibits flowering

(Not to be learnt.. understand)

Front 200

Which auxin is both natural and synthetic?

Back 200

IBA

Front 201

Which auxin is used to kill grasses in broad- leaved crops?

Back 201

Dalapon (2,2- Dichloro propionic acid)

Front 202

IAA is ____________ natural auxin, discovered by ________________.

Back 202

Universal, Kogl et al

Front 203

To speed up malting process in _____________ the growth hormone used is __________.

Back 203

Brewing industry, gibberellins

Front 204

_____________ is the most widely used PGR in agriculture.

Back 204

Ethylene

Front 205

Rise in rate of respiration is called ________________.

Back 205

Respiratory climatic

Front 206

How does ethylene promote ripening?

Back 206

It enhances respiration rate

Front 207

What causes horizontal growth of seedlings?

Back 207

Ethylene

Front 208

What enhances apical hook formation in dicots?

Back 208

Ethylene

Front 209

What initiates germination in peanut seeds?

Back 209

Ethylene

Front 210

Which PGR is useful for potato Tuber sprouting?

Back 210

Ethylene

Front 211

How does ethylene help in absorption?

Back 211

Promotes root hair formation, this helps to increase area of absorption

Front 212

Which PGR causes internode and petiole elongation in deep water rice plants? What is the use?

Back 212

Ethylene. Leaves and upper part of shoot to remain above water

Front 213

Ethylene promotes flowering in ____________.

Back 213

Pineapples, mango, cucumber

Front 214

Flowering in pineapple :

PGRs

Back 214

1. Ethylene

2. Auxins

Front 215

Most widely used source of ethylene is ______________.

Back 215

Ethephon

Front 216

Ethylene is a _____________ (physical state)

Back 216

Aqueous solution

Front 217

Ethephon (ethylene) hastens ripening in ______________

Back 217

Apples, tomatoes, etc.

Front 218

Ethephon ______________ abscission. Give examples

Back 218

Accelerates. For example, thinning of cotton, cherry, walnut)

Front 219

Ethephon promotes _______________ in cucumber thus increasing ______________.

Back 219

Female flowers, fruit yield

Front 220

Ethephon promotes female flowering in _____________.

Back 220

Cucumbers

Front 221

Cytokinin from coconut milk and corn kernels

Back 221

Zeatin

Front 222

Cytokinin not naturally occurring in plants

Back 222

Kinetin

Front 223

Scientists discovering cytokinins? In which form? In what?

Back 223

1. Skoog and Miller

2. Kinetin

3. Tobacco plant, autoclaved herring sperm DNA

Front 224

Conditions under which tobacco shows proliferation

Back 224

1. Auxins

2. Extracts of vascular tissues

3. Yeast extracts/ Coconut milk/ DNA

Front 225

Skoog and his coworkers identified the importance of cytokinins by proliferation (under conditions) of which part of tobacco?

Back 225

Internodal segments of tobacco stems

Front 226

The combination of which two PGRs can induce cell division even in permanent cell

Back 226

Auxins + Cytokinins

Front 227

Balanced combination of which PGRs induces organogenesis?

Back 227

Auxins + cytokinins

Front 228

Morphogenesis is also known as ________________.

Back 228

Organogenesis

Front 229

Types of organogenesis? One method for each?

Back 229

Rhizogenesis - root formation - High Auxin:CK ratio

Caulogenesis - stem formation - Low Auxin:CK ratio

Front 230

Cytokinins delay senescence by ________________.

Back 230

Preventing degradation of metabolites, promoting synthesis and mobilisation

Front 231

What is Richmond-Lang effect?

Back 231

Delay of senescence by cytokinins

Front 232

Richmond-Lang effect is related to which PGR?

Back 232

Cytokinins

Front 233

Application of which hormone reduces apical dominance?

Back 233

Cytokinins

Front 234

Which hormone induces formation of interfascicular cambium?

Back 234

Cytokinins

Front 235

Which PGR initiates chloroplasts formation in leaves?

Back 235

Cytokinins

Front 236

Which PGR application induces mobilization of stored carbohydrates in seeds?

Back 236

Gibberellins

Front 237

Identify the correct and wrong sentences and correct the wrong ones

Back 237

B and D) Correct

A) Wrong. Corrected - PGRs may be growth promoters or growth inhibitors

B) Wrong. Corrected - PGRs are small simple molecules of diverse chemical composition (Ref. NCERT page 247)