Plant Structure Growth & Development Ch35 Campbell Apbio

Front 1

adventitious

Back 1

Roots extending from stems and leaves above ground.

Hint 1

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Front 2

annual

Back 2

A plant that completes its entire life cycle in a single year or growing season.

Hint 2

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Front 3

apical dominance

Back 3

Concentration of growth at the tip of a plant shoot, where a terminal bud partially inhibits axillary bud growth.

Hint 3

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Front 4

apical meristem

Back 4

Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length.

Hint 4

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Front 5

asymmetric cell division

Back 5

Cell division in which one daughter cell receives more cytoplasm than the other during mitosis.

Hint 5

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Front 6

axillary bud

Back 6

An embryonic shoot present in the angle formed by a leaf and stem.

Hint 6

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Front 7

bark

Back 7

All tissues external to the vascular cambium in a plant growing in thickness, consisting of phloem, phelloderm, cork cambium, and cork.

Hint 7

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Front 8

biennial

Back 8

A plant that requires two years to complete its life cycle.

Hint 8

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Front 9

blade

Back 9

A leaflike structure of a seaweed that provides most of the surface area for photosynthesis.

Hint 9

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Front 10

bundle-sheath cell

Back 10

A type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed ____ around the veins of a leaf.

Hint 10

35.724

Front 11

collenchyma cell

Back 11

A flexible plant cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support young parts of the plant without restraining growth.

Hint 11

35.718

Front 12

companion cell

Back 12

A type of plant cell that is connected to a sieve-tube cell by many plasmodesmata and whose nucleus and ribosomes may serve one or more adjacent sieve-tube cells.

Hint 12

35.719

Front 13

cork cambium

Back 13

A cylinder of meristematic tissue in plants that produces cork cells to replace the epidermis during secondary growth.

Hint 13

35.720

Front 14

cortex

Back 14

The region of the root between the stele and epidermis filled with ground tissue.

Hint 14

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Front 15

dermal tissue system

Back 15

The protective covering of plants; generally a single layer of tightly packed epidermal cells covering young plant organs formed by primary growth.

Hint 15

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Front 16

determinate growth

Back 16

A type of growth characteristic of animals, in which the organism stops growing after it reaches a certain size.

Hint 16

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Front 17

endodermis

Back 17

The innermost layer of the cortex in plant roots; a cylinder one cell thick that forms the boundary between the cortex and the stele.

Hint 17

35.723

Front 18

epidermis

Back 18

(1) The dermal tissue system in plants. (2) The outer covering of animals.

Hint 18

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Front 19

fiber

Back 19

A lignified cell type that reinforces the xylem of angiosperms and functions in mechanical support; a slender, tapered sclerenchyma cell that usually occurs in bundles.

Hint 19

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Front 20

fibrous root systems

Back 20

Root systems common to monocots consisting of a mat of thin roots that spread out below the soil surface.

Hint 20

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Front 21

fusiform initials

Back 21

The cambium cells within the vascular bundles. The name refers to the tapered ends of these elongated cells.

Hint 21

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Front 22

ground tissue

Back 22

A tissue of mostly parenchyma cells that makes up the bulk of a young plant and fills the space between the dermal and vascular tissue systems.

Hint 22

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Front 23

guard cell

Back 23

A specialized epidermal plant cell that forms the boundaries of the stomata.

Hint 23

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Front 24

indeterminate growth

Back 24

A type of growth characteristic of plants, in which the organism continues to grow as long as it lives.

Hint 24

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Front 25

internode

Back 25

The segment of a plant stem between the points where leaves are attached.

Hint 25

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Front 26

lateral meristem

Back 26

The vascular and cork cambium, a cylinder of dividing cells that runs most of the length of stems and roots and is responsible for secondary growth.

Hint 26

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Front 27

lateral roots

Back 27

Roots that arise from the outermost layer of the pericycle of an established root.

Hint 27

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Front 28

leaf

Back 28

Main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants, although green stems also perform photosynthesis. Bk

Hint 28

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Front 29

meristem

Back 29

Plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, allowing for indeterminate growth.

Hint 29

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Front 30

meristem identity genes

Back 30

Plant genes that promote the switch from vegetative growth to flowering.

Hint 30

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Front 31

mesophyll

Back 31

The ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis.

Hint 31

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Front 32

morphogenesis

Back 32

The development of body shape and organization during ontogeny.

Hint 32

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Front 33

morphology

Back 33

External form. Bk

Hint 33

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Front 34

node

Back 34

A point along the stem of a plant at which leaves are attached.

Hint 34

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Front 35

organ identity gene

Back 35

A plant gene in which a mutation causes a floral organ to develop in the wrong location.

Hint 35

35.734

Front 36

parenchyma cell

Back 36

A relatively unspecialized plant cell type that carries most of the metabolism, synthesizes and stores organic products, and develops into a more differentiated cell type.

Hint 36

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Front 37

pattern formation

Back 37

The ordering of cells into specific three-dimensional structures, an essential part of shaping an organism and its individual parts during development.

Hint 37

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Front 38

perennial

Back 38

A plant that lives for many years.

Hint 38

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Front 39

pericycle

Back 39

A layer of cells just inside the endodermis of a root that may become meristematic and begin dividing again.

Hint 39

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Front 40

periderm

Back 40

The protective coat that replaces the epidermis in plants during secondary growth, formed of the cork and cork cambium.

Hint 40

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Front 41

petiole

Back 41

The stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.

Hint 41

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Front 42

phase change

Back 42

A shift from one developmental phase to another.

Hint 42

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Front 43

phloem

Back 43

The portion of the vascular system in plants consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant.

Hint 43

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Front 44

pith

Back 44

The core of the central vascular cylinder of monocot roots, consisting of parenchyma cells, which are ringed by vascular tissue; ground tissue interior to vascular bundles in dicot stems.

Hint 44

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Front 45

plasticity

Back 45

An organisms ability to alter or "mold" itself in response to local environmental conditions. Bk

Hint 45

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Front 46

polarity

Back 46

A lack of symmetry. Structural differences in opposite ends of an organism or structure, such as the root end and shoot end of a plant.

Hint 46

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Front 47

positional information

Back 47

Signals to which genes regulating development respond, indicating a cell's location relative to other cells in an embryonic structure.

Hint 47

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Front 48

preprophase band

Back 48

Microtubules in the cortex (outer cytoplasm) of a cell that are concentrated into a ring.

Hint 48

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Front 49

primary growth

Back 49

Growth initiated by the apical meristems of a plant root or shoot.

Hint 49

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Front 50

protoplast

Back 50

The contents of a plant cell exclusive of the cell wall.

Hint 50

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Front 51

ray initials

Back 51

Cambium cells that produce radial files of parenchyma cells known as xylem rays and phloem rays.

Hint 51

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Front 52

root

Back 52

An rgan that anchors a vascular plant (usually in the soil), absorbs minerals and water, and often stores organic nutrients. Bk

Hint 52

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Front 53

root cap

Back 53

A cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical meristem.

Hint 53

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Front 54

root hair

Back 54

A tiny projection growing just behind the root tips of plants, increasing surface area for the absorption of water and minerals.

Hint 54

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Front 55

root system

Back 55

All of a plant's roots that anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food.

Hint 55

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Front 56

sclereid

Back 56

A short, irregular sclerenchyma cell in nutshells and seed coats and scattered through the parenchyma of some plants.

Hint 56

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Front 57

sclerenchyma cell

Back 57

A rigid, supportive plant cell type usually lacking protoplasts and possessing thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin at maturity.

Hint 57

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Front 58

secondary growth

Back 58

The increase in girth of the stems and roots of many plants, especially woody, perennial dicots.

Hint 58

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Front 59

secondary plant body

Back 59

This is the tissue produced during secondary growth in diameter. Secondary growth produces secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem, and the cork cambium, which produces a tough, thick covering for stems and roots that replaces the epidermis.

Hint 59

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Front 60

shoot system

Back 60

The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and flowers.

Hint 60

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Front 61

sieve plate

Back 61

In a plant, a pore in the end wall of a sieve-tube member through which phloem sap flows.

Hint 61

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Front 62

sieve-tube members

Back 62

Cells that join together in chains to form sieve tubes in phloem.

Hint 62

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Front 63

stele

Back 63

The central vascular cylinder in roots where xylem and phloem are located.

Hint 63

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Front 64

stem

Back 64

An organ consisting of an alternating system of nodes, the points at which leaves are attached and internodes, the stemm segments between nodes. Bk

Hint 64

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Front 65

stomata

Back 65

A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange.

Hint 65

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Front 66

taproot

Back 66

A root system common to eudicots consisting of one large, vertical root (the taproot) that produces many smaller lateral, or branch roots.

Hint 66

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Front 67

terminal bud

Back 67

Embryonic tissue at the tip of a shoot, made up of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes.

Hint 67

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Front 68

tissue

Back 68

An integrated group of cells with a common structure and function.

Hint 68

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Front 69

tracheid

Back 69

A water-conducting and supportive element of xylem composed of long, thin cells with tapered ends and walls hardened with lignin.

Hint 69

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Front 70

vascular bundle

Back 70

A strand of vascular tissues (both xylem and phloem) in a plant stem.

Hint 70

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Front 71

vascular cambium

Back 71

A continuous cylinder of meristematic cells surrounding the xylem and pith that produces secondary xylem and phloem.

Hint 71

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Front 72

vascular cylinder

Back 72

The stele of the root in angiosperms is in this solid central form.

Hint 72

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Front 73

vascular tissue

Back 73

Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body.

Hint 73

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Front 74

vascular tissue system

Back 74

A system formed by xylem and phloem throughout the plant, serving as a transport system for water and nutrients, respectively.

Hint 74

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Front 75

vein

Back 75

A vessel that returns blood to the heart.

Hint 75

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Front 76

vessel element

Back 76

A specialized short, wide cell in angiosperms; arranged end to end, they form continuous tubes for water transport.

Hint 76

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Front 77

xylem

Back 77

The tube-shaped, nonliving portion of the vascular system in plants that carries water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

Hint 77

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Front 78

zone of elongation

Back 78

This is the region of the root tip adjacent to the zone of cell division. Cells sometimes elongate to more than ten times their original length.

Hint 78

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Front 79

zone of maturation

Back 79

This is the region of the root tip adjacent to the zone of cell elongation. As cells finish elongating, they begin to specialize in structure and function.

Hint 79

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