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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bryophytes
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a. Paraphyletic
b. Gametophyte generation is dominant in life cycle c. Matrotrophic |
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liverworts
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oil bodies and elaters
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mosses
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a. Well differentiated leaves on gametophytes
b. Multicellular rhizoids |
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hornworts
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Intercalary meristem in sporophytes
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Dominant in vascular plants?
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sporophyte
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Dominant in bryophytes?
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gametophyte
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synapomorphies of vascular plants
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i. Xylem and phloem (vasculature)
ii. Lignin iii. Dominant sporophyte generation iv. Seed syndrome |
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microphyll
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no leaf gap, single vein in leaf
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megaphyll
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has leaf gap, branched veins in leaf
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Characteristics of pteridophytes
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i. Paraphyletic
ii. Dominant sporophyte generation iii. Female spores are dispersed from sporophyte |
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homospory
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male and female spores are of the same size
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heterospory
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male and female spores are of different size; microspores-male
megospores-female |
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microsporophyll
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male reproductive leaves
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megasporophyll
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female reproductive leaves
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progymnosperms
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a. Not seed plants, pteridophytes
b. Conifer type wood, free sporing production |
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gymnosperms
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a. Paraphyletic
b. Sporphyte generation dominant in life cycle c. Seeds are not enclosed in an ovary |
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Angiosperm Synapomorphies
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a. Closed carpel
b. Megagametophyte with 8 nuclei c. Double fertilization, forms endosperm (3n) d. Stamens with two pairs of pollen sacs (microsporangia) |
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monocot synapomorphies
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a. Single cotyledon
b. Parallel leaf venation c. Fibrous root d. Unicolpate pollen e. Flower parts in multiples of three f. Stem vascular bundles scattered g. Secondary growth absent |
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eudicot synapomorphy
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a. Two cotelydons
b. Netlike veins c. Taproot d. Tricolpate pollen e. Flower parts in multiples of four or five f. Vascular bundles in a ring g. Secondary growth often present |
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Three tissue systems
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1. protoderm->epidermis (Dermal)
2. ground meristem->ground tissues (parenchyma) (Ground) 3. procambium->primary xylem and primary phloem (vascular) |
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rhizosphere
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layer of soil bound to root by mucigel (establishes contact between roots and soil; provides favorable environment for microbes)
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auxin
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1. IAA
2. leaf primordia, young leaves, and seeds 3. polar transport 4. Causes apical dominance |
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cytokinins
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i. root tips
ii. Regulates cell division, shoot and root formation, delays leaf senescence iii. Derived from primary metabolites |
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ethylene
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Cell expansion, fruit ripening, sex determination
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abscisic acid (ABA)
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1.mature leaves
2. response to water stress 3. controls stomatal closure 4. prevents seed germination |
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gibberellins
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1. young shoots and developing seeds
2. stem growth 3. breaks seed dormancy |
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brassinolids
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i. Steroids
ii. Stimulates cell division and elongation |
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salicylic acid
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Activates plant defense genes against pathogens
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jasmonates
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Regulates synthesis of storage proteins and defense proteins
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polyamines
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plant defense
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thigmotropism
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response to physical contact
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phloem
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food aka sugars
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xylem
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water and minerals
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Fertile Crescent
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wheat, peas, grapes
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eastern Asia
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rice, soybean, tea
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Africa
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sorghum, coffee
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central America
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corn, beans, cacao
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South America
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potatoes
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