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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Plants that are replaced by other plants after one or a few generations, because they cannot reproduce in competition with mature plants of their own species.
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Seral, or successional, plants
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Plants that can reproduce generation after generation in the same environment, until a disturbance alters the habitat.
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Climax plants
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Washington Plant Community:
low vegetation; short, cool growing season |
Alpine Tundra
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Washington Plant Community:
mixed forest and open meadows; short growing season, but not as short or cool as tundra |
Sub-Alpine
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Washington Plant Community:
continuous tree canopy; species composition varies with environmental conditions (precip, temp, etc.) |
Montane Forest
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Washington Plant Community:
forest with sufficient rainfall to sustain a heavy epiphytic plant community (eg, Pacific coast side of Olympic Peninsula and places on west slope of Cascades. Needs at least 2 meters of rainfall per year. |
Temperate Rain Forest
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Washington Plant Community:
long growing season; lots of precip (30”-100”+ per year) |
Lowland Forest
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Washington Plant Community:
sagebrush and bunch grasses; low precipitation (5-20” per year) |
Shrub-Steppe
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tetradynamous stamens
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4 long + 2 short - Brassicaceae
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monadelphous stamens
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filaments fused into a tube; free at end - Malvaceae
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diadelphous stamens
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9 fused at the filaments, one free - Fabaceae (Papilionoideae)
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didynamous stamens
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2 long and 2 short – Lamiaceae & Scrophulariaceae
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Pseudanthium (involucral bracts)
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Many small flowers together making up a structure that functions
as one flower. |
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Ring of vascular bundles - Monocot or Dicot?
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Dicot
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Scattered vascular bundles - Monocot or Dicot?
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Monocot
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Vascular cambium present - Monocot or Dicot?
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Dicot
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No vascular cambium - Monocot or Dicot?
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Monocot
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Woody or Herbaceous - Monocot or Dicot?
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Dicot
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Primarily herbaceous (no true wood) - Monocot or Dicot?
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Monocot
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simple or compound leaves- monocot or dicot?
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Dicot
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usually simple leaves - monocot or dicot?
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Monocot
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net veined: pinnate, palmate - monocot or dicot?
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Dicot
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parallel (or striate) veination - monocot or dicot?
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Monocot
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narrow leaf insertion - monocot or dicot?
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Dicot
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leaf insertion usually broad, often with sheathing (wrapping around the stem)
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Monocot
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roots primary --> secondary - Monocot or Dicot?
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Dicot
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Primary roots abort; adventitious
roots only. |
Monocot
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Roots: taproots or fibrous - Monocot or Dicot?
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Dicot
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Roots: usually fibrous - Monocot or Dicot?
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Monocot
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floral parts in 4’s, 5’s, or ∞ - Monocot or Dicot?
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Dicot
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floral parts in 3's
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Monocot
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monosulcate OR tricolpate pollen - Monocot or Dicot?
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Dicot
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monosulcate pollen
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Monocot
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calcium oxalate crystals serve as a . . .
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physical deterrent to herbivory
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Epiphytic Plants
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plants that are supported by some structure other than their own
stem. (usually other plants) |
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Epiphytic Plants - Modifications for drought resistance?
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modifications for drought resistance:
- sunken stomata - thick waxy cuticle - absorbent scales OR swollen stems or aerial roots for water retention |
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What does a pollen pump do?
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They expose the pollen to pollinators BEFORE the style splits open
exposing the stigmatic surface. The anthers release pollen before the stigma is receptive (when pollen is released from a flower before the stigma is receptive, it is called PROTANDRY). |
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What family is the pollen pump mechanism found in?
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Asteraceae (Sunflower) Family
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- WOODY
- flowers large and showy - floral parts numerous, separate, spirally arranged - elongate receptacle |
Magnoliaceae
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- WOODY
-leaves simple, alternate, entire, pinnate -radial symmetry, parts in 3’s -valvate anthers opening by 2-4 flaps -drupe |
Lauraceae
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-usually herbs
-stamens usually many -apocarpous gynoecium (separate carpels) |
Ranunculaceae
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-perennial herbs or shrubs
-floral parts usually in multiples of 3 -valvate anthers |
Berberidaceae
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- WOODY
- double serrated leaves - monoecious plants (separate flowers, same plant) - pistillate and staminate flowers in separate catkins - ovary inferior |
Betulaceae
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- WOODY
- leaves simple, alternate - monoecious plants (separate flowers, same plant) - pistillate flowers in leaf axils - staminate flowers in catkins |
Fagaceae
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- WOODY
- flower parts in 4’s or 5’s - carpels 2, partially fused; ovary inferior - hair in veins on bottom of leaves |
Hamamelidaceae
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- leaves simple, opposite
- swollen nodes - petals entire to deeply lobed, often differentiated into a claw and a limb |
Caryophyllaceae
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- stem succulents
- areoles |
Cactaceae
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- usually herbs
- 2 to several sepals - plants often fleshy - 5 petals |
Portulaceae
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- leaves alternate, with sheathing stipules (ocreas)
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Polygonaceae
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- WOODY
- leaves simple, opposite, often palmately lobed - samaroid schizocarp - often Maples |
Aceraceae
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- 4 sepals, 4 petals,
- 4 + 2 stamens ( tetradynamous [4 long, 2 short] ) - 2 united carpels - silicle or silique |
Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)
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- leaves simple,commonly palmately lobed
- stellate hairs common (star shaped) - stamens monadelphous, or in 5 clusters, each with filaments basally connate |
Malvaceae
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- 4 sepals, 4 petals, 8 stamens,4 carpels
- petals often clawed or stipitate (born on stalk) - ovary inferior, maybe long & slender - Fuchsia |
Onagraceae
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- herbs
-flowers radial sym. parts in 5’s (including 5 carpels) - ovary superior - schizocarp of 5 segments - 5 lobed style, persistent, hooked |
Geraniaceae
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-corolla polypetalous, spurred
-nectar guides -stamens connivent - connivent: converging, not actually united |
Violaceae
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- WOODY
-dioecious plants (separate flowers, separate plant) -pistillate and staminate flowers in separate catkins |
Salicaceae
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- herbaceous
- 2-3 partially fused ovaries |
Saxifragaceae
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-milky latex
-carpels 3, connate -schizocarpous capsule, forming 3 one-seeded parts Rosaceae -leaves simple or compound; stipulate -leaflets with serrate margins -hypanthium |
Euphorbiaceae
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- stamens numerous-10
- diadelphous stamens (9+1) in flag flowers - some w/ mimosoid flowers |
Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
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- WOODY
- petals usually sympetalous, frequently urn shaped -anthers usually with terminal pores & appendages |
Ericaceae
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-corolla sympetalous, convolute (twisted) bud
-unequal insertion of stamens on corolla |
Polemoniaceae
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- WOODY
- leaf veins arcing from base to tip - inflorescence often subtended by showy bracts - sometimes no petals > 4 bracts - flower parts usually in 4’s |
Cornaceae
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- plants often hairy
- scorpioid or helicoid cymes - style gynobasic, or terminal and bifid - if style terminal & bifid, stamens usually exserted - 4 nutlets (when gynobasic), or capsule |
Boraginaceae
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-plants often densely pubescent
-2 carpels, capitate (head-like) stigma |
Solanaceae
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- milky latex
- leaves opposite or whorled - gynostegium, pollinia, corona (Asclepiadaceae) - 2 carpels united at styles only |
Apocynaceae (including Asclepiadaceae)
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-square stems
-flowers zygomorphic, sympetalous, bilabiate -4 nutlets (usually) |
Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
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-flowers zygomorphic, sympetalous, bilabiate
-didynamous stamens usually present |
Scrophulariaceae s.l.
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- WOODY
- leaves opposite - flowers 4-parted - stamens & carpels 2 |
Oleaceae
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- leaves deeply divided, with sheathing base
- umbels (umbrella like inflorescence) |
Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
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- petals 5, connate with 2 upper and 3 lower lobes,
or 4 upper and 1 lower lobe; sometimes spurred - ovary inferior; style elongate, stigma capitate |
Caprifoliaceae (including Valerianaceae and Dipsacaceae)
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-leaves opposite, simple to compound
-flowers actinomorphic -corolla sympetalous with short tube -stamens 5, epipetalous -ovary inferior; style short; stigma lobed -drupe with 1-5 pits |
Adoxaceae (including Viburnum and Sambucus formerly Caprifoliaceae)
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- head or capitulum, surrounded by phyllaries
- like a Daisy/Sunflower |
Asteraceae (Compositae)
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- spathe and spadix
- large shaft with thing surrounding it - Fetid odor (stinks! Ahhhh!) |
Araceae
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- Pineapple-like
- Leaves alternate often forming water tanks |
Bromeliaceae
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-6 tepals (or 3 sepals and 3 petals), 6 stamens, 3 carpels
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Liliaceae
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-6 tepals (or 3 sepals and 3 petals), 3 stamens, 3 carpels
- lvs mostly basal and linear, 2-ranked and ‘equitant’ (overlapping in 2 ranks) |
Iridaceae
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-flowers zygomorphic
-labellum, column, pollinia - Orchid-like |
Orchidaceae
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- Cat-tail like
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Typhaceae
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- Palms
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Arecaceae
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- “Rushes are Round”
- round, solid stems - actual flowers - lvs basal, 3-ranked, leaf sheaths open or closed |
Juncaceae
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- “Sedges have Edges”
- stems typically triangular - leaves 3-ranked - lvs 3-RANKED; sheath CLOSED |
Cyperaceae
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- “Grasses, like asses, have Holes”
- round, usually hollow stems - lvs 2-RANKED; leaf sheaths OPEN |
Poaceae (Gramineae)
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The large subfamily Nepetoideae is characterized by aromatic oils
instead of iridoids. To which family does it belong? |
Lamiaceae
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Florets of Asteraceae that are:
usually female, zygomorphic |
Ray Florets
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Florets of Asteraceae that are:
usually hermaphrodite, actinomorphic (radially symmetric) |
Dick Florets
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ligulate flowers (‘strap-like’)
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In Asteraceae, those who have only ray flowers.
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synantherous androecium
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Anthers fused at margins. Found in Asteraceae.
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cypsela
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Single seeded achene; fruit unique to Asteraceae.
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growth by INTERCALARY MERISTEM
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Growth at nodes rather than at tip of stem. Allows regeneration when tip is cut, as in grazing or mowing of prairies/lawns. Hypotheses of coevolution of grazers and grassland.
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Photosynthetic eukaryotes (plants and algae) are derived from . . .
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. . . the ENDOSYMBIOSIS of
a cyanobacterium and a non-photosynthetic eukaryotic cell at some point a long time ago. |
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autotrophs
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Organisms that make their own food are called autotrophs (auto - self; troph -
nourish). |
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heterotrophs
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Organisms that obtain nourishment by ingesting or absorbing carbohydrates produced by other organisms; these are called heterotrophs (hetero - other; trophs - nourish).
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parasite
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Parasite - an organism that grows, feeds, and is sheltered on, or in, a different organism at the expense of that organism and contributing nothing to the survival of its host. Type of SYMBIOSIS.
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Mutualistic Symbiosis
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Both organisms benefit.
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commensalism
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commensalism - one organism benefits, while the other neither benefits or suffers
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Parasitism has evolved perhaps 20 times among flowering plants. In each case the plants have become parasitic on either other plants or fungi. These include 4 families we know. What are these 4?
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Boraginaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Ericaceae, Orchidaceae
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Plant parasites are the color . . .
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black
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Fungal parasites (mycotrophs) are the color . . .
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green
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haustorium
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In PLANT PARASITES, a sucker-like swelling on a root or stem, which invades a host root or stem and makes a connection between the vascular tissue of the parasite and host.
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holoparasites (or
obligate parasites) |
Plants that obtain all of their nutrients from their host.
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hemiparasites (or
facultative parasites) |
Parasites that remain capable of photosynthesis, while supplementing their diet with host plant nutrients.
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What are the six traits of Parasitic Reduction Syndrome ( found in holoparasites).
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1) Loss of leaves - leaves reduced to scales
2) Small overall size of plant - no need for large plants to hold leaves 3) Loss of roots - reduced to short, stumpy projections with haustoria 4) Loss of chlorophyll 5) Loss of genes needed for photosynthesis 6) Higher substitution rate (more rapid DNA divergence) in genes that are not lost |
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Anagenesis
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GRADUAL speciation inferred from the fossil record.
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Cladogenesis
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PUNCTUATED speciation inferred from the fossil record.
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Allopatric
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Speciation term - occupying separate geographic distributions
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Sympatric
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Speciation term - occupying the same or overlapping geographic distributions
This is perceived to be rare and some have argued that it does not occur. |
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Narrow endemic species
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Narrow endemic (“restricted species”) - very restricted distribution; population
often less than 10,000 individuals |
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Scarce species
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Scarce - broadly distributed and widely separated populations; never very abundant
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Common species
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Common - Regional distribution; abundant somewhere
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Cosmopolitan species
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Cosmopolitan - found everywhere (e.g., Bracken fern); this is unusual - <10% of spp.
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Narrow endemic -PALEOENDEMIC
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Paleoendemics - ancient origin, left over from wider distribution, and typically have no closely related species
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Narrow endemic - NEOENDEMIC
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Neoendemics - recent in origin (typically post-Tertiary in origin) and typically have
closely related species nearby |
