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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Vso
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45 KIAS - Stall speed in landing configuration. (bottom of white line) |
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Vs |
50 KIAS - Stall speed with zero flaps (bottom of green line) |
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Vr |
60 KIAS - Rotation speed |
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Vx |
64 KIAS - Best angle of climb |
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Vy |
76 KIAS - Best rate of climb |
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Vg |
76 KIAS - Best glide speed with max weight |
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Vfe |
102 KIAS - Maximum flap extension speed (top of white line) |
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Vno |
125 KIAS - Max structural cruising speed (top of green line) |
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Vne |
154 KIAS - Never exceed speed (red line) |
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Va |
113 KIAS ( 2,550 lbs ) 89 KIAS ( 1634 lbs )
Maneuvering speed |
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Clean Configuration Flow |
Mixture enriched Fuel pump on Fuel selector proper tank Flaps 0 |
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Landing Configuration Flow |
Mixture enriched Fuel pump on Fuel selector proper tank Flaps 40 |
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Steep Turns |
1. Perform two 90 degree clearing turns. 2. 100 KIAS ( approx. 2300 RPM ), maintain altitude 3. Cruise Configuration flow 4. Roll into 45 degree bank. 5. Maintain altitude / airspeed ( + back pressure, + approx. 1-200 RPM ) 6. Roll out 1/2 bank angle prior to entry heading. 7. Clear traffic and roll opposite direction. 8. Roll out 1/2 bank angle prior to entry heading. 9. Cruise checklist |
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Slow Flight |
1. Perform two 90 degree clearing turns. 2. 1500 RPM (maintain altitude) 3. Landing configuration flow 4. Slow to 50-55 knots (maintain altitude) 5. Power as required to maintain airspeed and altitude 6. Accomplish level flight, climbs, turns, and descents as required. (30 degree max) 7. Recover - max power / maintain altitude / reduce flaps to 0. 8. Accelerate to 64 KIAS (Vx) 9. Cruise checklist |
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Power-Off Stall |
1. Perform two 90 degree clearing turns. 2. Approx. 1500 RPM ( maintain altitude ) 3. Landing configuration flow 4. Stabilized descent at 66 KIAS 5. Throttle to idle ( slowly ) 6. Wings level or up to 20 degree bank as assigned. 7. Pitch to maintain altitude ( slowly ) 8. At stall recover- simultaneously reduce AOA, max power, and level wings. 9. Slowly retract flaps to 10 10. Accelerate to 64 KIAS (Vx) 11. Once you have Positive rate, flaps 0 12. Cruise checklist |
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Power On Stall |
1. Perform two 90 degree clearing turns. 2. Approx. 1500 RPM (maintain altitude) 3. Clean configuration 4. At 60 KIAS, increase pitch slowly and apply full power. 5. Slowly increase pitch to induce stall. 6. At stall - "There's the buffer, I'm going to recover." Pitch forward and level wings. 7. Accelerate to 64 KIAS (Vx) positive rate. 8. Cruise checklist |
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Engine out Emergency |
Pitch for best glide 76 KIAS Find place to land Clean configuration flow Squawk 7700 Notify ATC |
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Smoke / Fire in cockpit |
1. Clean configuration flow 2. Reduce throttle to idle 3. Initiate turning descent while clearing for traffic and looking for place to land. 4. Maintain 120 KIAS 5. Squawk 7700 / notify ATC / traffic as appropriate |
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Short field takeoff |
1. Maximize runway use 2. Flaps 25 3. Hold breaks 4. Increase throttle to 2000 RPM 5. Check engine gauges 6. Full power 7. Release brakes 8. "Airspeed Alive" 9. Rotate at 55 KIAS to climb at 64 KIAS over 50ft obstacle. 10. When clear of obstacles and at safe altitude, slowly retract flaps. 11. Accelerate and climb at 76 KIAS. 12. "After takeoff Checklist" once out of 1000ft AGL |
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Soft Field Takeoff and Climb |
1. Flaps 25 2. Roll onto runway with full aft yoke. 3. Smoothly apply full power and check engine gauges. 4. As nose lifts up, ease back pressure (nose wheel must remain off ground) 5. Lift off at lowest possible airspeed (ease back more to remain in ground effect) 6. In ground effect, accelerate to 64 KIAS then begin climb. 7. Retract flaps when established at 64 KIAS and clear of obstacles. 8. Climb out at 76 KIAS |
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Short Field Landing |
Final - Flaps 40 and 66 KIAS
DON'T LAND BEFORE INTENDED TOUCHDOWN POINT!!! - Retract flaps after touchdown, simulate and announce "Max Braking" (power to idle, pull yoke all the way back, apply brakes) |
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Soft Field Approach and Landing |
Final - flaps 40 and 66 KIAS
Touchdown on intended point with minimum speed and nose high pitch attitude. KEEP NOSE WHEEL OFF THE GROUND!! |
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L.H.A.N.D. |
Lycoming Horizontally Opposed Air Cooled Normally Aspirated Direct Drive |
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How does Carburetor ice form? |
Under moist atmospheric conditions at temperatures of 20-70 degrees Fahrenheit, ice forms in the induction system due to the high air velocity through the carburetor Venturi and the absorption of heat from this air by the vaporization of the fuel. |
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Describe the Propeller |
Sensenich two bladed, fixed pitch, metal propeller. 76 inches in diameter. Maximum RPM is 2700 |
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Describe the landing gear |
Fixed, tricycle gear, with oleo ( air/oil ) struts providing shock absorption for all three wheels. |
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What's a shimmy dampener? |
Reduces nose wheel vibrations during ground operations and centers the nose wheel in the air. Nose wheel max turning radius is 20 degrees each side of the center. |
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Describe the Brakes for the Archer. |
Hydraulically actuated disc brakes on the main landing gear wheels. Both toe brakes and parking brake have separate braking cylinders, but share a hydraulic reservoir. The brake fluid reservoir is installed on the top left front face of the firewall. |
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Describe the flaps |
Manual Spring loaded Slotted flaps |
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What happens when the static port becomes blocked? |
ASI, altimeter, and VSI continue to operate but readings are inaccurate due to the static pressure being trapped inside. •Switch static source on •Turn heater and defroster on and close all windows and vents. This will reduce the pressure differential between the cockpit and the atmosphere, reducing pitot-static error. - Altimeter will indicate higher than actual. - ASI will indicate greater than actual. - VSI shows momentary climb. |
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Describe the fuel system |
•100 low lead avgas (blue) •Two 25 gallon fuel tanks (1 gallon is unusable in each) •One engine driven and one electrically driven fuel pump. (the electric fuel pump is used for all takeoffs, landings, and when switching tanks.) |
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Personal documents required for flight. |
• Pilot certificate • Medical certificate • Government issued ID • Restricted radiotelephone operator license ( for flights outside the U.S.) |
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Aircraft documents required for flight: A.R.R.O.W. |
•Airworthiness certificate (good as all as you keep it in airworthiness condition, i.e. up to date with all the AD's) •Registration certificate (36months) •Radio station license (for international flights) •Operating limitations and AFM •Weight and balance data |
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Aircraft maintenance inspections required for IFR: A.V.I.A.T.E. |
• Annual inspection every 12 months. • VOR every 30 days • 100 hour inspection • Altimeter, altitude reporting and static system every 24 months. • Transponder every 24 months • ELT every 12 months |
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Preflight info required for IFR: N.W.K.R.A.F.T. |
• NOTAMS • Weather reports and forecast • Known traffic delays as advised by ATC. • Runway length of intended use. • Alternatives available if flight cannot be completed as planned. • Fuel requirements • Takeoff and landing performance data |
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Preflight self-assessment: I.M.S.A.F.E. |
Illness Medication Stress Alcohol Fatigue Emotion |
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Risk management and personal minimums: P.A.V.E |
•Pilot •Aircraft •Environment •External pressure (waiting at destination) |
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To act as PIC |
Flight review in last 24 months |
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To carry passengers as PIC |
• 3 takeoffs / landings in last 90 days in same category, class, and type (if type rating required) • 3 takeoffs / landings to a full stop during 1 hour after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise in the last 90 days. |
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Minimum equipment required for flight for VFR day flight: A.T.O.M.A.T.O.F.L.A.M.E.S. |
•Altimeter •Tachometer for each engine •Oil temp. indicator for each engine •Manifold pressure gauge for each altitude engine •Airspeed indicator •Temperature gauge for each liquid cooled engine •Oil pressure gauge for each engine •Fuel quantity gauge for each tank •Landing gear position lights •Anti collision lights •Magnetic direction indicator •ELT •Safety belts / shoulder harnesses |
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Indicated altitude |
Uncorrected altitude indicated on the dial when set to local pressure setting. |
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Pressure altitude |
Altitude above the standard 29.92 |
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Density altitude |
Pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature. Used for performance calculations. |
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True altitude |
Actual altitude above Mean Sea Level (MSL) |
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Absolute altitude |
Height above airport elevation.(AGL) |
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Indicated airspeed (IAS) |
Indicated on the airspeed indicator. |
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Calibrated airspeed (CAS) |
IAS corrected for instrument and position errors. |
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Equivalent airspeed (EAS) |
CAS corrected for compressibility error |
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True airspeed |
Actual speed through the air. EAS corrected for non-standard temperature and pressure. |
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Mach number |
The ratio of TAS to the local speed of sound |
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Ground speed |
Actual speed over the ground. TAS corrected for wind conditions. |
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Class A airspace |
IFR only FL180-FL600 |
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Class B airspace |
3 SM visibility and clear of clouds Surface-10,000ft MSL Individually tailored |
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Class C airspace |
3152 Surface-4000ft AGL 10 nm radius |
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Class D airspace |
3sm, 1000 above, 500 below, 2000 horizontal Surface-2,500ft MSL 4nm radius |
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Class E airspace |
Above 10,000 ft MSL: 5sm, 1000 above, 1000 below, 1sm horizontal.
Below 10,000 ft MSL and above 1,200 ft AGL: 3sm, 1000 above, 500 below, 2000 horizontal.
1,200ft AGL - 17,999 MSL |
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Class G airspace |
Above 10,000 ft MSL and 1,200 AGL: 5sm, 1000 above, 1000 below, 1sm horizontal.
Above 1,200 AGL and below 10,000 MSL: Day: 1sm, 1000 above, 500 below, 2000 horizontal. Night: 3sm, 1000 above, 500 below, 2000 horizontal.
Below 1,200 AGL: Day: 1sm and clear of clouds Night: 3sm, 1000 above, 500 below, 2000 horizontal |
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Airspace: W.A.R.M.P.C. |
Warning area Alert area Restricted area MOA Prohibited area Controlled Firing Area |
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Oxygen requirements |
Above 12,500 up to and including 14,000 MSL : 30 minutes (crew only)
Above 14,000 MSL: crew needs oxygen for entire time.
Above 15,000 MSL: Each occupant
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Medical requirements |
1st Class: under 40 / 1 year, over 40 / 6 months.
2nd Class: 1 year
3rd Class: under 40 / 5 years, over 40 / 2 years. |
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Forms of Hypoxia |
• Hypoxic hypoxia: Insufficient oxygen to the body as a whole. • Hypemic hypoxia: Blood is unable to transport enough oxygen to the cells.(CO2 poison) • Stagnant hypoxia: Oxygen-rich blood in lungs is not moving. • Histotoxic hypoxia: Cells can't use oxygen. |
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Archer Electrical system |
•28 volt direct current (DC) electrical system •24 volt battery • Power supplied by 70-amp, engine driven alternator. • Constant 28-volt output from alternator. |
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Minimum equipment VFR night. ATOMATOFLAMES and FLAPS |
Fuses (3each/1 set) Landing light Anti collision lights Position / Navigation lights Source of electricity |
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Pito Tube |
Front: Ram air Bottom: Drain Back: Static |
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Airspeed |
Below 10,000 MSL in class B: 250kts unless in VFR corridor.
Below 2,500 AGL and within 4nm of class C and D airspace: 200kts
Under class B shelf: 200kts |
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DECIDE |
•Detect •Estimate •Choose •Identify •Do •Evaluate |
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5P |
Plan Plane Pilot Passengers Programming |
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Oil used in Archer |
15W50 Aeroshell Ashless disbursement (cleaning agent that moves dirt into filter) |
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Low pressure |
Bad weather, moist air
Flows in and up in a counterclockwise motion |
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High pressure |
Good weather, dry air
Flows out and down in clockwise motion. |
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What's the difference between a Troff and a Ridge? |
Troff: Low pressure
Ridge: High pressure |
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Isobars show....? |
Areas of constant barometric pressure. |
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Define Dew point |
The point at which the air must be cooled to become saturated. |
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What are the two types of drag? |
Induced drag: caused by flaps
Parasite drag: caused by the prop. (Lift weight thrust drag concept) |
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What are the four left turning tendencies? |
1. P factor 2. Torque effect (Newtons 3rd Law) 3. Spiraling slipstream 4. Gyroscopic Precession |
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How do you recover from a spin? P.A.R.E. |
Power idle Alerions neutral Opposite rudder Elevator briskly forward to break stall.
(Both wings are stalled in spin) |
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Unusual attitude recovery |
Nose up: full power, pitch down, level wings
Nose down: pull power, level wings, pitch up |
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Three types of night. |
1.Sunset to sunrise ( need nav. Lights) 2. Civil twilight ( 30min before sunrise / after sunset) 3. 1 hour after sunset to 1hr before sunrise. (night currency landings) |
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When can you log instrument time? |
Only for that time when the person operates the AC solely by reference to instruments under actual or simulated instrument flight conditions. |
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Instrument PIC recency of experience: (6 H.I.T.S.) |
Pilot need to have logged in the last 6 calendar months, under actual / simulated instrument or flight training device in the same AC category (6 HITS) • 6 instrument approaches • Holding procedures and tasks • Intercept and Track courses through the use of electronic navigation Systems. Or, using an ATD in the last 2 calendar months prior to the flight.... • 3 hours instrument experience • Holding procedures and tasks • 6 instrument approaches • 2 unusual attitude recoveries in a descending Vne condition. • 2 unusual attitude recoveries in an ascending stall speed condition. |
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Not current looking back 6 months.. |
You can still log the required (6 HITS) and get current with a safety pilot, instructor, or pilot examiner.
The Safety pilot must be at least a private pilot with appropriate category and class, have adequate vision forward to each side of AC, and the AC must have a dual control system. |
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Looking back 12 calendar months not current? |
You need an Instrument Proficiency Check by a CFII, an examiner, or approved person. |
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When do you need an alternate? |
You always need an alternate unless the forecasted weather is more then : 2000ft ceiling and/or 3 SM visibility within 1 hour before to 1 hour after your ETA |
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Mandatory reports under IFR ( M.A.R.V.E.L.O.U.S. V.F.R. C.500 ) |
M- Missed approach A- Airspeed +/- 10kts R- Reaching a holding fix V- Vacating an altitude/ FL E- ETA change +/- 3min L- Leaving a holding fix / point O- Outer marker U- Unforecasted weather S- Safety of flight
V- VFR on top F- Final approach fix R- Radio / Nav. Failure
C- Compulsory reporting points 500- unable to climb/descent 500fpm |
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Mandatory reports under IFR required only in a non-radar environment: |
E- ETA change +/- 3min O- Outer marker F- Final approach fix C- Compulsory reporting points |
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Position reports items ( I.P.T.A.T.E.N.S. ) |
AC ID Position Time Altitude / FL Type of flight plan ETA The name of the next reporting point along the route of flight. Any pertinent remarks |
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Holding pattern timing |
Adjust the outbound leg so the inbound leg takes: • At or below 14,000 MSL - 1min • Above 14,000 MSL- 1.5min
DME/GPS holds- Fly the outbound leg to the specified distance from the fix/waypoint. |
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Max holding speeds |
Up to 6,000 MSL - 200 KIAS 6,001 - 14,000 MSL - 230 KIAS Above 14,000 MSL - 265 KIAS |
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Lost communications procedure. 91.185
Altitude to fly: M.E.A. Route to fly: A.V.E.F. |
(Fly the highest) M- Minimum altitude prescribed for IFR E- Expected A- Last altitude assigned by ATC
(Follow in order) A- Assigned route, if none: V- Vectored, if none: E- Expected route by ATC, if none: F- Filed route |
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Leaving the clearance limit (Lost comm.)
IS THE CLEARANCE LIMIT A FIX FROM WHICH AN APPROACH BEGINS? |
YES: Start descent and approach as close as possible to the EFC, or ETA (if no EFC given)
NO: At EFC or clearance limit (if no EFC given), proceed to a fix from which an approach begins and start the approach. |
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Do not fly a procedure turn when: (S.H.A.R.P.T.T.) |
S: Straight in approach H: Holding in lieu of a procedure turn. A: Arc R: Radar vectored to final app. course. P: NoPT depicted on chart T: Timed approach. T: Teardrop course reversal |
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When can you descend below MDA / DA? 91.175 |
1. AC is continuously in a position from which a descent to a landing can be made using normal rate of descent using normal maneuvers. 2. The flight visibility is not less than the visibility prescribed in the SIAP being used. 3. At least one of the following visual references for the intended RWY is distinctly visible and identifiable to the pilot: a. Threshold b. Threshold markings c. Threshold lights d. Touchdown zone e. Touchdown zone markings f. Touchdown zone lights g. Runway h. Runway markings i. Runway lights j. REIL k. Visual glide slope indicator l. Approach lighting system (except you may descend to 100ft above the TDZE only if the red terminating bars or red side row bars are visible) |
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Contact Approach |
• Must be requested by pilot • Requires at least 1sm visibility and AC must remain clear of clouds. • Available only at airports with approved IAP |
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Visual Approach |
• Initiated by ATC or Pilot • Requires at least 1000' ceiling and 3sm visibility. • Pilot must have airport or traffic to follow in sight. |
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Minimum equipment required for IFR flight during the day. ( A.T.O.M.A.T.O.F.L.A.M.E.S. + G.R.A.B.C.A.R.D. ) |
•Generator / alternator •Radios ( two way and appropriate navigational equipment ) •Altimeter (sensitive) •Ball (slip-skid indicator)
•Clock (must be installed in AC and show hours, minutes, and seconds) •Attitude indicator •Rate of turn indicator •Directional gyro (heading indicator)
DME- over FL240 |
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Instrument approach types: • Precision ( lateral + vertical ) •Non-precision ( lateral ) |
Precision: •ILS •PAR •GLS •MLS •TLS Non-precision: •VOR •NDB •RNAV/GNSS (LNAV minimums) •LOC •LDA (identical to localizer but not aligned with the runway) • SDF •ASR |
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Holding Entry |
70 degrees = Teardrop 110 degrees = Parallel 180 degrees = Direct |
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When do you need a Transponder? |
• In class A, B, C airspace • Within mode C vail • Over class B and C airspace • Above 10,000ft MSL |
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When can you descend to the next instrument approach segment? |
When cleared for the approach and established on a segment of a published approach. |
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Describe a VOR |
Very high frequency Omni directional range • Line of sight • VOR check every 30 days • Full deflection 10 degrees • Terminal: 1000 -12,000ft within 25 NM. • Low: 1000-FL180 within 40NM • High: 1000-14,500ft: 40NM, 14,500- FL180: 100NM, FL180-FL450: 130NM, FL450-FL600: 100NM |
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Describe a DME |
Distance Measuring Equipment • Slant Range • Operates on UHF bandwidth • Errors occur over the station within 1NM |
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Describe a NDB |
Non-Directional Beacon • Low to medium frequency band. • Magnetic bearing points to the station. Classes: -Compass Locator 15NM -Medium High 25NM -High 50NM -High High 75NM |
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The ILS is comprised of what? |
Localizer Glide slope Marker Beacons |
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The ILS is comprised of what? |
Localizer Glide slope Marker Beacons |
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Describe the Localizer |
Width: 5 degrees total (2.5 full deflection either side, 4 times more sensitive than a VOR) Range: First 10NM - 35 degrees. Within 18NM - 10 degrees up to 4,500' |
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Describe the Glide Slope |
Automatically tuned with localizer frequency. Width: 1.4 degrees (full deflection is 0.7 degrees either direction) Range: 10NM Slope: 2.5-3.5 degrees
False GS can occur above normal GS |
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Describe the Glide Slope |
Automatically tuned with localizer frequency. Width: 1.4 degrees (full deflection is 0.7 degrees either direction) Range: 10NM Slope: 2.5-3.5 degrees
False GS can occur above normal GS |
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Describe the Marker Beacons |
Provides range information. Outer marker: Position at which the AC should intercept the GS (blue). Middle Marker: Point where GS meets DH. Usually 200' above TDZE and 3,500 from RWY (amber). |
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Describe an ALS |
Approach Light System • Helps transition from IFR to visual approach. • Can help estimating flight visibility. |
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RNAV |
Area Navigation (RNAV): • Allows navigation on any desired course • Published RNAV route include - Q (FL180-FL450) - T (1,200 AGL - 18000 MSL) |
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GPS |
Global Position System: •Consists of 24 satellites, 5 are in view at any given location. • 3 are required for 2d position • 4 are required for 3D position • Uses trilateralzation (measures everything with distance) WAAS: Wide Area Augmentation System. LAAS: Local Area Augmentation System. |
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What happens when there is pitot blockage? |
The only instrument affected is the airspeed indicator.
•Ram air inlet is clogged and drain hole open- Airspeed will drop to zero. •Both air inlet and drain hole are clogged- Airspeed indicator will act as an altimeter (no longer reliable) Expect pitot blockage turn on pitot heat! |
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How can you get inflight weather information? |
EFAS TWEB HIWAS ATIS ASOS AWOS ATC Center |
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The two principles of a gyroscope are? |
Rigidity in space and precession |
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Name the gyroscopic instruments. |
Attitude Indicator Heading Indicator Turn Indicators |
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Describe the Attitude Indicator |
•Operates on the principle of rigidity in space. • Shows bank and pitch information. • Normally vacuum driven in GA AC. • May have small acceleration / deceleration errors and roll out errors. |
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Describe the Heading Indicator |
•Operates on the principle of rigidity in space. •Only reflects changes in heading, can't measure the heading directly. • Has to be calibrated with a magnetic compass. • Normally vacuum driven |
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Describe the Turn Indicators |
•Operates on the principle of precision. • Turn coordinator shows rate-of-turn and rate-of-roll. • Turn-and-slip indicators show rate-of-turn only. |
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Magnetic compass errors and limitations. (D.V.M.O.N.A.) |
•Deviation •Variation •Magnetic dip •Oscillation •North / South turn errors (Northerner Hemisphere: UNOS) •Acceleration errors (Northern hemisphere: ANDS) |
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What are the seven main components that the G500 is comprised of? |
•Primary Flight Display (PFD) and Multi-Function Display (MFD) • Attitude Heading Reference System (AHRS) • Air Data Computer (ADC) • Magnetometer • Temperature Probe • Dual Garmin GNS 430 GPS |
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Describe the PFD and MFD |
•PFD shows primary flight information in place of traditional 6 pack. Also provides an HSI for navigation. •MFD can display traffic information (TIS), navigation, terrain, and map information.
If PFD failure occurs, the screen will go dark. GPS will be the only Instrument Approach Available. Pilot will have to refer to the standby instruments. |
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Describe the AHRS |
Contains tilt sensors, accelerometers, and rate sensors to provide attitude and heading information on the PFD. If AHRS failure occurs: A big red "X" and yellow "ATTITUDE FAIL" appears across the PDF.
PFD continues displaying airspeed, altitude, vertical speed, compass rose, and ground track. Pilot should use standby attitude indicator. All precision and non-precision Instrument Approaches will be available. |
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Describe the ADC |
Compiles info. from pitot-static system and an outside air temp. sensor to provide pressure altitude, airspeed, vertical speed, and outside air temp. on the PFD. If ADC failure occurs: A red "x" will show through the -airspeed -altitude -vertical speed -true airspeed -OAT Pilot should use standby instruments, all precision and non-precision instrument approaches will be available. |
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Convective SIGMET |
Weather significant to all AC, issued hourly at 55min past the hour. Valid for 2 hours Issued for: • Severe thunder storms due to - Surface winds equal to or greater than 50kts. - Hail at the surface greater than 3/4 inch in diameter • Tornadoes • Embedded thunderstorms • Line of thunderstorms • Thunderstorms producing heaving precipitation effecting 40% of a 3,000 square miles area. |
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SIGMET |
Non-Scheduled inflight advisory of weather potentially hazardous to all AC. Valid for 4 hours. Issued for: • Severe icing not associated with thunderstorms. •Severe or extreme CAT not associated with thunderstorms. • Dust storms, sandstorms lowering surface visibility below 3 miles. • Volcanic Ash |
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AIRMET |
Lower intensities than those which require a SIGMET. Valid for 6 hours. • AIRMET T: moderate turbulence, surface winds 30kts or greater, LLWS • AIRMET Z: moderate icing • AIRMET S: IFR conditions or mountainous obscurations. |
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PIREP and Urgent PIREP |
Pilot weather Reports UA- Routine UUA- Urgent |
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METAR |
Routine surface weather observation, scheduled and published every hour. |
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TAF |
Terminal Area Forecast Weather forecast for 5sm radius around the station. Issued 4 times a day. |
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FA |
Area Forecast A forecast of weather conditions over an area of several states. Issued 3 times a day. |
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Surface analysis chart |
Shows pressure systems, isobars, fronts, airmass boundaries, and station information. Issued every 3 hours. |
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Weather depiction chart |
Depicts areas of: •VFR (at least 5sm visibility and 3000' ceiling) • Marginal VFR (1000'-3000' ceiling and or 3-5sm visibility) •IFR (less than 1000' and or 3sm visibility) Issued every 3 hours |
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Radar summary chart (SD) |
Depicts precipitation type, intensity, coverage, movement, echoes, and maximum tops. Issued hourly. |
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Radar summary chart (SD) |
Depicts precipitation type, intensity, coverage, movement, echoes, and maximum tops. Issued hourly. |
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Winds and temperature aloft forecast (FB) |
Issued 4 times daily for different altitudes and FL's. Winds within 1500' AGL and temperatures within 2500' AGL are not shown. |
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Conditions necessary for the formation of thunderstorms. |
• Sufficient water vapor • Unstable lapse rate • Uplifting force |
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Life cycle of a thunderstorm |
Cumulus stage: lifting action, Mature stage: precipitation begins to fall (greatest intensity at the stage). Dissipating stage: Strong downdrafts. |
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What are the different types of fog? |
Radiation fog: Occurs at calm clear nights when the ground cools rapidly. Advection fog: Warm moist air moves over a cold surface. Upslope fog: Moist, stable air is forced up a terrain slope. Steam fog: Cold, dry air moves over warm water. Ice fog: Water vapor turns into ice crystals. |
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What are the two conditions for the formation of structural ice to form? |
•Visible moisture • AC surface temperature below freezing. |
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What are the different type of structural ice? |
• Clear ice: Most dangerous, heavy, hard, and difficult to remove. • Rime ice: Opaque, white, rough ice. • Mixed ice: mixture of clear and rime ice. |
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What are the main types of icing an AC can encounter? And What are the two types of induction ice? |
Types of icing an AC can encounter: •Structural •Induction •Instrument
Two types of induction ice: •Intake ice •Carburetor ice |
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When do you go missed? |
Has a Glide Slope: Altitude- (DA/DH) DA: MSL DH: AGL Step-downs: •DME •Time •VOR passage (To/From) • GPS waypoint collocated with the RWY threshold. |
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What is the difference between A.D's and Safety bulletins? |
Airworthiness Directives (AD) are published by the FAA and are mandatory. Usually has to do with safety, and they can be found on the FAA website.
Safety Bulletins are issued by the AC manufacturer. They are not mandatory and usually has to do with bettering the longevity of the AC.
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What are the layers of the atmosphere? |
•Troposphere- All weather •Stratosphere •Mesosphere •Thermosphere •Ionosphere •Exosphere |
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Operating with inoperative instruments or equipment (91.213) |
AC has a MEL? YES- Follow MEL's provisions NO- Is the inoperative equipment required by: • 91.205? • Airworthiness Directive (AD)? •Equipment list / kind of operations equipment list? • VFR-day cert. requirements?
NO- Flying is permitted, provided: • Equipment is removed or • deactivated and placarded "INOP" • Pilot / mechanic determines safe to fly. YES- Flying is not allowed without a special flight permit (must call and ask Flight Standards District Office FSDO) |
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VOR receiver checks: 91.171 |
Every 30 calendar days. • VOT +/- 4 •Repair station +/- 4 •VOR ground +/- 4 •VOR airborne +/- 6 •Dual VOR cross-check +/- 4 |
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IFR takeoff minimums 91.175 |
Part 91 - No T/O minimums Part 121, 125, 129, 135 - • prescribed minimums for runway, or, if none: • 1-2 engines: 1 SM visibility • More than 2 engines: 1/2 SM visibility |
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What are the minimum weather conditions required at an airport to list it as an alternate? |
The minima specified in the IAP, or if there is none: • Precision approach: 600ft ceiling and 2 SM visibility • Non- Precision: 800ft ceiling and 2 SM visibility. • No Instrument Approach at the alternate: need ceiling and visibility allowing descent from MEA, approach and landing under basic VFR. |
