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271 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Substance produced by 1 cell or group of cells which promotes a response in a 2nd set of cells
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Endocrine
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Substance produced by 1 set of cells of a tissue and affects different cells of the same tissue
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Paracrine
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Substance produced by the same cells on which they have affects
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Autocrine
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Do endocrine glands have ducts?
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No
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Why are tissues bathed by blood which contain hormone?
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- Allows body to adjust to changing conditions (homeostasis)
- Allows body to function synchronously |
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Do hormones affect their targets immediately (no latent period)?
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No
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What is the difference between Hormone vs Neurotransmitter?
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No distinction
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What test is used to measure hormones?
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Immunoassay
What is this test specific for? |
Specific for antibodies
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What are the different classes for protein hormones?
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G Protein coupled
Tyrosine kinase Cytokine TGF-β |
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What are the second messengers of protein hormones?
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cAMP
Ca2+ IP3 Tyrosine kinase |
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How does cAMP act as a 2nd messenger?
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- Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP→cAMP
- cAMP activates protein kinase A |
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How does Ca2+ act as a 2nd messenger?
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binds calmodulin
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How does IP3 act as a 2nd messenger?
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- Phospholipase C converts PIP2 into IP3 & DAG
- IP3 triggers Ca2+ release from ER - DAG activates protein kinase C |
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Adenohypophysis
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anterior pituitary
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Neurohypophysis
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posterior pituitary
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Pars intermedia
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intermediate lobe of pituitary
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Anterior Pituitary hormones
(6) |
GH
Prolactin ACTH FSH LH TSH |
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Where are GHRH & somatostatin produced?
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hypothalamus
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How does GH promote growth?
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- ↑ activity of chondrocytes
- Stimulates release of IGF-I |
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What promotes GH release?
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GHRH
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What inhibits GH release?
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Somatostatin
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What are factors affecting growth?
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genetic
extrinsic factors hormonal factors |
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↓ doses of estrogen __ growth
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increases
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↑ dose of estrogen __ growth
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decreases
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Glucocorticoids __ growth
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decrease
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Insulin __ growth
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increases
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Which growth hormones are involved in utero?
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IGF-I and IGF-II
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Which growth hormones are involved from birth to puberty?
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GH & thyroid hormones
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Which growth hormones are involved during puberty?
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Testosterone
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Estrogen and androgens for females
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What hormone can cause growing to stop?
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estrogen
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Daily variations of GH:
sleep REM sleep Exercise Fasting |
sleep = ↑
REM sleep = ↓ Exercise = ↑ Fasting = ↑ |
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How does GH affect proteins?
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↑ amino acid transport into cells
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How does GH affect fatty acids?
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↑ release from adipose tissues
(↑ blood lipid levels) |
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Prolonged GH excess can lead to ____ and/or ____?
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ketosis
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pituitary diabetes
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How does GH affect carbohydrates?
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↓ utilization (↑ blood glucose)
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Which hormone has an anti-insulin effect?
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GH
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Gigantism
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Excess GH in a growing person
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Acromegaly
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excess GH causes growth of soft tissues after linear growth stops
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Which hormone comes from the intermediate lobe of the pituitary?
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Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
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What does MSH do?
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causes dispersion of melanosomes
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What hormones cause skin darkening?
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MSH & excess ACTH
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Which hormone comes from the posterior lobe of the pituitary?
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ADH
Oxytocin |
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Where are the hormones from the posterior lobe synthesized?
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hypothalamus
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What is the purpose of ADH?
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↑ permeability of collecting ducts = ↑ water absorption
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Vasoconstriction during hemorrhage
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What causes diabetes insipidus?
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lack of ADH
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What ↑ the release of ADH?
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- Osmolarity of plasma (↑ osmolarity = ↑ ADH release)
- Hemorrhage - Surgical stress - morphine - nicotine - barbituates |
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What ↓ release of ADH?
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- Alcohol
- opiate antagonists |
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What are 2 functions of oxytocin?
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1) uterine contractions
2) contraction of myoepithelial cells of breast (Milk letdown effect) |
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What do the C cells of the Thyroid produce?
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calcitonin
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What do the Follicular cells of the Thyroid produce?
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thyroid hormones (T3 & T4)
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What is one feature of TH which is not shared by other hormones?
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presence of iodide
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What is the structure of the thyroid gland?
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single layer of follicular cells surrounding the inner colloid
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Where is thyroglobulin stored?
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colloid of the thyroid gland
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Describe how TH is synthesized
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1) Iodide absorbed in intestine
2) I- enters circulation 3) I- taken up by thyroid cells 4) Organification (form MIT/DIT) 5) Coupling of 2 DIT to form T4 (MIT + DIT to form T3) |
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Describe organification
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I- attaches to tyrosine of thyroglobulin
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1 I- = monoiodotyrosine (MIT)
2 I- = diiodotyrosine (DIT) |
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Where does coupling occur?
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within thyroglobulin (in colloid)
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Goitrogens
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Inhibit formation of T3/T4
How? |
- block iodide uptake
- block organification & coupling |
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Which goitrogens block the uptake of I-?
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Thiocyanates
Perchlorate |
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Which goitrogens block organification & coupling?
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Propylthiouracil
Methimazole |
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How are thyroid hormones (T3/T4) released from the thyroid?
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1) Cells surrounding colloid endocytose thyroglobulin
2) Lysosomes fuse endosome 3) Thyroglobulin broken down 4) T3 & T4 are released into circulation |
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What is thyroglobulin broken down into for release of TH?
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- amino acids (released)
- MIT & DIT (deiodinated) - T3 & T4 (released into circulation) |
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Which is secreted more: T3 or T4?
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T4
Where is T4 converted into T3? |
Peripheral tissues
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What proteins does TH bind to in circulation?
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- Thyroxine Binding Globulin (TBG)
- Thyroxine Binding Prealbumin (TBPA) - Albumin |
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Describe TH Hormone Feedback
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1) Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) stimulates TSH
2) TSH stimulates T3/T4 production and release 3) T3/T4 inhibit TSH release |
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Where is TRH from?
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Hypothalamus
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What 3 peptides make up TRH?
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Proglutamate - His - Pro
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Where is TSH from and it's function?
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Anterior pituitary
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- I- uptake
- organification - coupling - thryroglobulin breakdown (into T3/T4) |
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What happens if there is an absence of T3/T4?
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↑ TSH levels
Which causes? |
- Large thyroid (goiter)
- |
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How is TH secretion intrinsically regulated?
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↑ I- = ↓ TSH responsiveness
↓ I- = ↑ TSH responsiveness |
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What is the Long Acting Thryoid Stimulator (LATS) and its function?
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- Ab
- Stimulates TH formation when TSH levels are low |
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In which disease is LATS usually found?
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Graves Disease
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Thyroid hormones act with ___ to promote ____.
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- GH
- growth |
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Low/normal TH = protein _____
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synthesis (anabolism)
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High TH = protein _____
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breakdown (catabolsim)
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High TH
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- promotes growth (with GH)
- CNS development - ↑ O2 consumption |
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Accumulation of proteins with polysaccharides, hyaluraonic acid, and chondoritin sulfate in skin causes ____?
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myxedema
Due to? |
Low TH
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Name 7 effects of hypothyroidism
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↑ TSH levels
goiter myxedema always feel cold coarse hair deep voice slow mental process |
Think of a caveman
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Name the disease with the following symptoms:
- Mentally retarded - Dwarf - Hypothyroidism - Child |
Cretinism
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Hyperthyroidism symptoms
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- always feel hot
- nervousness - ↑ BMR |
a "hyper" person has same habits as a person with "hyper"thyroidism
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Name the disease with the following symptoms:
- goiter - exophthalmus - autoimmune disease - Hyperthyroidism |
Graves disease
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What is the most common form of hyperthyroidism?
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Graves disease
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Besides Graves disease, what else can cause hyperthyroidism?
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Tumor (adenoma)
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Does an adenoma have a goiter?
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No
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What do the A (α) cells of the pancreas produce?
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glucagon
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What do the B (β) cells of the pancreas produce?
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insulin
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What do the D (δ) cells of the pancreas produce?
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somatostatin
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What do the F cells of the pancreas produce?
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pancreatic peptide
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Is glucagon anabolic or catabolic?
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Catabolic (glycogen breakdown)
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Is insulin anabolic or catabolic?
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Anabolic (glycogen synthesis)
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What causes diabetes mellitus?
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deficiency in insulin
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Exercise can __ glucose uptake
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increase
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In hyperglycemia, protein catabolism is __
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increased
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aa can be used in gluconeogenic pathway (in liver)
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Glycosurea
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- kidney can no longer reabsorb glucose
- glucose in urine |
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Polyurea
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- higher osmolarity (due to glucose in urine)
- draws in water - ↑ urine flow |
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Ketosis
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- Protein & fat metabolism ↑ (due to glucose in blood/urine)
- forms ketone bodies |
acidosis & coma can result
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Polydipsia
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drinking
Due to? |
ketosis
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Polyphagia
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↑ appetite, but weight loss
Due to? |
ketosis
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Ketosis can cause __ growth
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↓
Why? |
↓ protein synthesis (protein catabolism)
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Glucose can enter cells w/ help of ____?
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insulin
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How does insulin affect glucose entry into cells?
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↑ number of glucose transporters
Where? |
Everywhere except for the liver
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What enzyme does insulin use in the liver to convert Glucose→G6P?
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Glucokinase
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What regulates release of insulin?
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Blood Glucose levels
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↑ blood glucose = ↑ insulin release
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5 minutes after a meal, where does the peak of insulin release come from?
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Existing stores
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An hour after a meal, where does the peak of insulin release come from?
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Insulin synthesis
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What is more effective in releasing insulin:
A) a glucose IV into the blood B) eating a candy bar |
B) eating a candy bar
Why? |
gut releases incretins
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Besides glucose, what else causes insulin release?
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Amino acids
β-keto acids |
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What are 4 ways glucagon ↑ blood glucose
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1) Glycogenolysis
2) Gluconeogenesis 3) Lipolysis 4) Ketogenesis |
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What regulates glucagon release?
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blood glucose
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↑ blood glucose = ↓ glucagon release
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What does somatostatin do?
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Inhibits insulin & glucagon release
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What does the outer adrenal cortex produce?
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- cortisol
- aldosterone - weak androgens |
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What does the inner adrenal medulla produce?
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- Epi
- NE - Dopamine |
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What are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex?
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Outer = zona glomerulosa
Middle = zona fasciculata Inner = zona reticularis |
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What does the zona glomerulosa secrete?
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aldosterone
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What does the zona fasciculata secrete?
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cortisol
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What does the zona reticularis secrete?
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cortisol
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What are mineralocorticoid functions?
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Promote Na+ reabsorption
(in kidney, sweat glands, salivary glands, and intestinal glands) |
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What is an important mineralocorticoid?
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aldosterone
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Hypoaldosteronism
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↓ Na+ reabsorption = ↓ ECF volume = ↓ CO
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Hyperaldosteronism
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↑ Na+ reabsorption = ↑ ECF volume = ↑ CO = hypertension
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What mediates aldosterone secretion?
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Renin-angiotensin system
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What ↑ aldosterone release?
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↓ [Na+]
↓ ECF volume ↑ [K+] |
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Describe the renin-angiotensin system
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1) Renin released from kidney
2) Renin cleaves angiotensinogen→angiotensin I 3) Angiotensin-converting enzyme converts angiotensin I→angiotensin II 4) Angiotensin II acts on mineralocorticoid producing cells to release aldosterone |
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Name an important Glucocorticoid
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Cortisol
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What happens if there is an absence of glucocorticoids (cortisol)?
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- ↓ metabolism
- ↓ ability to withstand physical stress |
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How do glucocorticoids affect carbohydrates?
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- ↑ gluconeogenesis
- ↑ glycogen formation (in liver) - ↓ glucose use - Net ↑ blood glucose levels |
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How do glucocorticoids affect proteins?
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- ↓ protein synthesis / ↑ breakdown
= ↑ blood aa levels |
- Net ↑ in protein content (liver/GI tract)
- ↑ plasma protein - ↑ aa uptake (by liver) |
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How do glucocorticoids affect fatty acids?
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- ↑ FA mobilization
- ↑ plasma FA - ↑ FA use for energy |
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What are some pharmacological effects of glucocorticoids?
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- ↓ inflammatory & allergic reactions
- kill lymphocytes |
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How is glucocorticoid secretion controlled?
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1) CRH activates ACTH
2) ACTH activates Glucocorticoids (adrenal cortex) 3) Glucocorticoids inhibit CRH & ACTH |
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How are glucocorticoids transported in the plasma?
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bound to Corticoid Binding Globulin (CBG)
What is the function of CBG? |
Protects hormone from degradation
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What is the active form of cortisol?
A) Bound to binding protein B) Free hormone |
B) Free hormone
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When are glucocorticoid levels at their peak?
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Beginning of the day
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follow a circadian rhythm
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When are glucocorticoid levels at their lowest?
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Sleep cycle starts
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Addison's Disease is:
A) HYPERadrenalism B) HYPOadrenalism |
B) HYPOadrenalism
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2nd letter: aDdison's = Down
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Cushing's Disease is:
A) HYPERadrenalism B) HYPOadrenalism |
A) HYPERadrenalism
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2nd letter: cUshing's = Up
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Addison's Disease
(aldosterone effects) |
↓ aldosterone
Leads to? |
↓ Na+, Cl-, and water
↓ ECF volume ↓ CO = shock/death |
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Addison's Disease
(glucocorticoid effect) |
↓ glucocorticoids
Leads to? |
↓ blood glucose regulation
↓ feedback control of ACTH ↑ ACTH levels = skin darkening |
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Cushing's Disease
(glucocorticoid effects) |
↑ glucocorticoids
Leads to? |
↑ blood glucose (Type II Diabetes)
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Cushing's Disease
(mineralocorticoid effects) |
↑ mineralocorticoid
Leads to? |
- ↑ Na+ retention
- ↑ ECF volume - ↑ CO = hypertension |
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NE binds __ receptors
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α
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Epi binds __ receptors
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β
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What are the actions of catecholamines (NE & Epi)
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↑ metabolic rate
More? |
↑ glycogen breakdown
↑ blood glucose ↑ blood lactate ↑ plasma K+ ↑ plasma FA Fight or Flight response |
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What hormones regulate plasma Ca2+?
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- Parathyroid hormone
- Calcitonin - 1,25-diOHcholecalciferol |
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Where is calcitonin from?
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Thyroid
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Where is 1,25-diOHcholecalciferol from?
|
hydroxylation of Vitamin D3
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What is the normal plasma Ca2+ concentration?
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9-11 mg%
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What is ↓ plasma Ca2+ concentration?
|
7 mg%
Leads to? |
↑ nervous excitability = tetany
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What is ↑ plasma Ca2+ concentration?
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12 mg%?
Leads to? |
↓ nervous activity = slow reflexes
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Where is most Ca2+ stored?
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Bone
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Is bone a static tissue?
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No
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100% turnover/year in infants
18% turnover/year in adults |
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What is the composition of bone?
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75% calcium salts (hydroxyapatite)
25% Organic matrix (collagen & ground substance) |
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What gives the compressional strength to bone?
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Calcium salts (hydroxyapatite)
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What gives the tensile strength to bone?
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Organic matrix
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Where is Vitamin D3 converted into 25-hydroxycholecalciferol?
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Liver
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Where is 25-hydroxycholecalciferol converted into 1,25-diOHcholecalciferol?
aka Where is Vitamin D3 activated? |
Kidney
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What are the actions of 1,25-diOHcholecalciferol
|
- ↑ Ca2+ binding protein (↑ Ca2+ absorption) (intestine)
- ↑ Ca2+ reabsorption (kidney) - ↑ Ca2+ active transport out of osteoBlasts (bone) |
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Parathyroid hormone function
|
↑ plasma Ca2+
↓ plasma Phosphate |
- activates osteoClasts (↑ bone resorption)
- ↑ Ca2+ reabsorption & ↓ phosphate reabsorption in kidney - ↑ conversion to 1,25-diOHcholecalciferol |
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What controls release of PTH?
|
Ca2+
↑ Ca2+ = ↓ PTH release |
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Function of Calcitonin
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↓ blood Ca2+ (inhibits bone resorption)
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How do you ↑ calcitonin release?
|
↑ Ca2+
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Where is calcitonin from?
|
C cells of thyroid
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Which hormone is essential for life?
A) PTH B) Calcitonin |
A) PTH
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HYPOparathyroidism
|
- ↓ bone resorption
- ↓ Ca2+ reabsorption (kidney) - ↓ 1,25-diOHcholecalciferol - ↓ plasma Ca2+ - Bones remain strong |
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What happens if hypoparathyroidism is left untreated?
|
Tetany
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How do you treat hypoparathyroidism?
|
Vitamin D3
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HYPERparathyroidism
|
- ↑ osteoclast activity
- ↑ plasma Ca2+ |
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Rickets due to?
|
↓ 1,25-diOHcholecalciferol
|
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Osteomalacia due to?
|
↑ bone resorption
Due to? |
PTH compensating for lost uptake
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The testes are composed primarily of which structure?
A) epididymus B) sperm C) seminiferous tubules D) vas deferens |
C) seminiferous tubules
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What is the function of sertoli cells?
|
Source of nourishment for spermatids
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Where are sertoli cells found?
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seminiferous tubules
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Where are leydig cells found?
|
Between seminiferous tubules
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What is the function of leydig cells?
|
Major source of androgens (testosterone) in males
|
|
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How much sperm are produced daily?
|
100-200 million
|
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Describe spermatogenesis
|
1) spermatogonia undergo MITOSIS to give 1º spermatocytes
2) 1º spermatocytes undergo MEIOSIS to give 2º spermatocytes 3) 2º spermatocytes undergo MEIOSIS to give spermatids 4) spermatids become spermatozoa by losing cytoplasm & gain tail |
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Where do sperm become motile?
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seminiferous tubules
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Where do the sperm mature?
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epididymis
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where are the sperm stored?
|
Vas deferens
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What are the main functions of testosterone?
|
- ↑ size of male sex organs
- ↑ development of 2º sex characteristics - Growth spurt at puberty - maintains muscle mass - ↓ release of GnRH |
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What happens if there is premature secretion of testosterone?
|
epiphyseal plates unite prematurely, leading to a shortened stature
|
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What does LH do?
|
promote synthesis of testosterone
|
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What cells of the testis does LH act on?
|
Leydig cells
|
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During fetal development, what hormone stimulates testicular secretion of testosterone?
|
hCG
|
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What cells of the testis does FSH act on?
|
Sertoli cells
|
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What is hypogonadism?
|
↓ testosterone production
|
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What are the causes of hypogonadism?
|
- nonfunctional testis
- ↓ LH or FSH secretion - Cryptorchidism (testis don't descend) - Castration |
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What happens if hypogonadism develops BEFORE puberty?
|
- 2º sex characteristics don't develop
- Epiphyseal plates fuse late = ↑ height - muscles are weaker |
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What happens if hypogonadism develops AFTER puberty?
|
- sex glands ↓ in size
|
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What 4 hormones regulate the menstrual cycle?
|
1) LH
2) FSH 3) estrogen 4) progesterone |
|
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What hormones does the ovary secrete?
|
Estradiol & progesterone
|
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Describe how the menstrual cycle is regulated
|
1) GnRH stimulates pituitary to release LH & FSH
2) LH & FSH promote growth of follicles 3) Follicles secrete estrogens & progestins to inhibit GnRH release |
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What are the main events in Follicular phase?
|
- FSH stimulates follicles to develop
- Granulosa cells ↑ & become surrounded by theca interna & theca externa - Theca interna & granulosa layer secrete follicular fluid - Follicular fluid creates an antrum (graafian follicle) |
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What type of tissue/cells is the theca interna composed of?
|
epithelial cells
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What type of tissue/cells is the theca externa composed of?
|
connective tissue
|
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What are the main events of ovulation?
|
- Surge of LH
- Follicle ruptures - Ova is released - follicle becomes corpus luteum |
|
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What are the main events of the Luteal phase?
|
- corpus luteum secretes estrogen & progesterone
- LH & FSH ↓ - Fertilization or No fertiliation |
|
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What happens if fertilization does not occur?
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- corpus luteum involutes
- ↓ progesterone & estrogen - ↑ GnRH release - ↑ FSH |
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Where does fertilization take place?
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Fallopian tube
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What is the function of estradiol in women?
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↑ growth & proliferation of female sexual organs
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What organs are effected by estradiol?
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- fallopian tubes
- uterus - vagina - breasts |
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What is the function of progesterone in women?
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↑ development of lobules & alveoli of breasts (milk producing)
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Describe the menstrual phase regarding the uterine endometrium
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- No fertilization
- estrogen & progesterone ↓ - endometrium involutes - blood vessels become vasospastic - necrosis of endometrium - outer layers sloughed off |
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When does the menstrual phase occur?
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When fertilization does NOT occur
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How long does the menstrual phase last?
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~ 5 days
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Describe the proliferative phase regarding the uterine endometrium
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- endometrium re-epithelialized
- stromal & epithelial cells ↑ (due to estrogen) |
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Describe the secretory phase regarding the uterine endometrium
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- estrogen continues to promote cellular proliferation
- Progesterone causes swelling of endometrium - secretory substances produced - blood supply ↑ - endometrium thicker (4-6 mm) |
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Describe what happens during fertilization
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- trophoblast begins to develop
- secrete hCG - secretes progesterone |
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What hormone is used to determine pregnancy?
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hCG
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What does hCG do?
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LH activity to support corpus luteum
(so corpus luteum can continue to secrete progesterone & estrogen to maintain endometruim) |
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How does progesterone affect parturition/lactation?
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- ↑ growth of lobules
- budding of alveoli |
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How does prolactin affect parturition/lactation?
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- ↑ synthesis of fat, lactose, and casein
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What is the cessation of cyclic ovarian function?
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Menopause
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What is the oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?
A) Anabolism B) Catabolism |
B) Catabolism
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What is the synthesis of glycogen, protein, or fat?
A) Anabolism B) Catabolism |
A) Anabolism
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What is released during catabolism?
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CO2, H2O, and energy
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The amount of energy to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water ±1º C
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Kilocalorie (Calorie)
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Rank the following foods' Calorie content from most to least:
carbohydrates fats proteins |
1) fat (9.3 Cal/g)
2) protein (5.3 Cal/g) 3) carbohydrates (4.1 Cal/g) |
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What do you use to DIRECTLY measure the caloric content of foods?
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bomb calorimeter
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What do you use to INDIRECTLY measure the caloric content of foods?
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- Measure end products of metabolism & unmetabolized material
- Measure amount of O2 consumed |
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What are some controllable factors that affect BMR?
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- Recent muscular activity
- Food intake w/in 12 hours - strong emotions, noises, discomforts - Temperature changes - Disease |
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Does a temperature change below 20º C ↑ or ↓ BMR?
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↑
Why? |
Due to shivering
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Does a temperature change above 30º C ↑ or ↓ BMR?
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↑
Why? |
- Sweating
- respiratory & cardiac mechanisms |
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What is the oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?
A) Anabolism B) Catabolism |
B) Catabolism
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What is the synthesis of glycogen, protein, or fat?
A) Anabolism B) Catabolism |
A) Anabolism
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What is released during catabolism?
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CO2, H2O, and energy
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The amount of energy to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water ±1º C
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Kilocalorie (Calorie)
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Rank the following foods' Calorie content from most to least:
carbohydrates fats proteins |
1) fat (9.3 Cal/g)
2) protein (5.3 Cal/g) 3) carbohydrates (4.1 Cal/g) |
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What do you use to DIRECTLY measure the caloric content of foods?
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bomb calorimeter
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What do you use to INDIRECTLY measure the caloric content of foods?
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- Measure end products of metabolism & unmetabolized material
- Measure amount of O2 consumed |
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What are some controllable factors that affect BMR?
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- Recent muscular activity
- Food intake w/in 12 hours - strong emotions, noises, discomforts - Temperature changes - Disease |
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Does a temperature change below 20º C ↑ or ↓ BMR?
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↑
Why? |
Due to shivering
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Does a temperature change above 30º C ↑ or ↓ BMR?
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↑
Why? |
- Sweating
- respiratory & cardiac mechanisms |
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What are some uncontrollable factors which affect BMR?
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- Age
- Sex - Nutritional status - Athletic training - Climate - Body temperature ↑ or ↓ with each? |
- Age = ↓ as get older
- Sex = ↓ in females - Nutritional status - Athletic training = ↑ - Climate = ↓ when warm - Body temperature = ↑ 14% for each 1º C |
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Appetite is _______.
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psychological
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Hunger is _______.
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physiological
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Formula for BMI
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BMI = weight/height²
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What is an overweight BMI?
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25-29.9
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What is an obese BMI?
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>30
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Where are the hunger control centers located?
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Hypothalamus
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Damage to the satiety center leads to?
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uncontrollable hunger
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Damage to the hunger center leads to?
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voluntary starvation
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Define homeothermic
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Animals that regulate their own body temperature
Give examples |
Mammals & birds
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Define poikilothermic
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Animals in which the environment regulates their body temperature
Give examples |
Reptiles, amphibians, fish
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Is the oral temperature higher or lower than the rectal temperature?
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Lower (36.7º ± 0.2º C)
(Rectal is ~0.5º C higher) Why? |
Lose temperature when you open your mouth
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When is the body temperature the highest?
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Evening
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When is body temperature the lowest?
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Morning (6 am)
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In females, when is body temperature the lowest?
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before ovulation
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How is most heat lost from the body (at room temperature)?
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radiation
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When exposed to cold, what happens to blood vessels, and where on the body?
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- Vasoconstriction
- at peripheral tissues |
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When exposed to heat, what happens to blood vessels, and where on the body?
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- Vasodilation
- peripheral tissues |
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When resting, where is most heat produced?
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body core
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When the body is performing work, where is most heat produced?
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muscles
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At __º C, evaporative heat loss is ca. 25% of the total heat loss
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30º C
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At __º C, evaporative heat loss increases linearly w/ temperature
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>30º C
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At __º C, the environment & skin temperatures are the same. Therefore, evaporative heat loss is the only way heat can be lost
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> 35-36º C
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Sweat glands are under ______ innervation.
A) sympathetic B) parasympathetic |
A) sympathetic
What is the NT responsible? |
Ach (except palms of hands & soles of feet)
Epi (at palms & soles) |
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Transfer of heat from one object to another with which it is not in contact is called _______
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thermal radiation
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Flow of heat from one object to another with which it is in contact is called ______
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conduction
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How is heat conducted during heat loss by conduction
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inner body core→skin→contacting air→contacting surface
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Name some good insulators or poor conductors
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- Fat
- Feathers/fur - Horripilation (goose bumps) |
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Movement of molecules of gas or a liquid from hotter to cooler is called _____
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convection
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Describe natural convection
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- uncontrollable
- warm air from skin rising & passing to cooler environment |
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Describe forced convection
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- blowing air over the skin
- wind chill factor |
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Reflex responses activated by COLD controlled by the _____ hypothalamus
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posterior
Causes what response by the body? |
vasoconstriction & shivering
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Reflex responses activated by WARMTH controlled by the _____ hypothalamus
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anterior
Causes what response by the body? |
vasodilation & sweating
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Body temperature is sensed as being too __ when you have a fever
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low
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What causes the alteration of the set point in a fever?
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pyrogens
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How do antipyretic drugs help control body temperature during a fever?
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Decrease the set point
Do they effect the normal body temperature? |
No
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What is anesthetic hyperthermia?
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Sudden uncontrolled ↑ in body temperature caused by ↑ muscle activity
Why? |
Mutation in gene for ryanodine receptor (Ca²⁺-channel) in the SR)
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What is acclimatization?
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Animals that can live in cold temperatures without shivering.
Why? |
Brown fat metabolism
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What occurs in heat stroke?
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- ↑ body temperature
- no sweating |
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