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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which area of the brain, dominates in size?
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Cerebrum
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The cerebrum of the adult brain can be divided into large, paired of what?
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Cerebral hemispheres
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Define GYRI?
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Series of elevated ridges on the cerebral cortex
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What purpose does GYRI served?
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Increase the surface area
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Gyri are separated by shallow depression called what?
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Sulci
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True or False: Gyri are separated by sulci or fissures?
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True, gyri are separated by shallow depression called sulci or by deeper grooves called fissures.
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The CEREBRUM focus of what area?
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Mental functions
- conscious thoughts - sensations - intellect - memory - complex movements |
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Which area of the brain is the second largest?
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Cerebellum
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What role does the CEREBELLUM play?
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Coordinates complex somatic motor patterns
Adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in the brain and spinal cord. |
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Identify some similarities between the CEREBRUM and CEREBELLUM?
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Divided into hemispheres
Cover by layer of gray matter (either called the cerebral cortex or cerebellar cortex) |
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Identify 3 arial component of the DIENCEPHALON?
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Left Thalamus
Right Thalamus Hypothalamus |
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What are the functions of the THALAMUS?
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Right and Left Thalamus: Relay and processing centers for sensory information.
Hypothalamus: center involved with emotions, autonomic function, and hormone production |
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Identify where the DIENCEPHALON is?
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Which structure is described as a "narrow stalk," that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?
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Infundibulum
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What are the responsibilities of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?
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Integration of the nervous and endocrine system
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Identify 3 components of the BRAIN STEM?
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Mesehcephalon (Midbrain)
Pons Medulla Oblongata |
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What are the functions of the MESENCEPHALON (midbrain)?
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Processing of visual and auditory data
Generation of reflexive somatic motor responses (control reflexes triggered by the stimuli) Maintenance of consciousness |
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What are the functions of the PONS?
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Relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus
Control subconscious somatic and visceral motor |
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What structure connects the BRAIN and CEREBELLUM together?
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PONS
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What structures connect the spinal cord o the brain?
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Medulla oblongata
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What are the functions of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA?
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Relays sensory information to the thalamus and to other portions of the brain stem.
Regulate autonomic functions such as (cardiovascular...heart rate, respiratory... blood pressure...and digestive) |
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The central nervous system begins as a hollow cylinder known as what?
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Neural tube
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The neural tube is filled with what?
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Neurocoel
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In the cephalic portion of the neural tube, three enlargement creates three prominent division, what are these division called?
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Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon Rhombencephalon |
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Of the three PRIMARY BRAIN VESICLES, which two are further divided into SECONDARY BRAIN VESICLES?
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Prosencephalon
Rhombencephalon |
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The PROSENCEPHALON form which two secondary brain vesicles?
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Telencephalon
Diencephalon |
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The RHOMBENCEPHALON form which two secondary brain vesicles?
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Metencephalon
myelencephalon |
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The RHOMBENCEPHALON form which two secondary brain vesicles?
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Metencephalon
myelencephalon |
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The TELENCEPHALON will eventually form what?
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CEREBRUM
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The dorsal portion of the metencephalon will become what? the ventral portion of the metencephalon will form into?
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Cerebellum
Pons |
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The portion of the rhombencephalon located closer to the spinal cord is the myelencephalon, will eventually form what?
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Medulla oblongata
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The portion of the rhombencephalon located closer to the spinal cord is the myelencephalon, will eventually form what?
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Medulla oblongata
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The portion of the rhombencephalon located closer to the spinal cord is the myelencephalon, will eventually form what?
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Medulla oblongata
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The portion of the rhombencephalon located closer to the spinal cord is the myelencephalon, will eventually form what?
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Medulla oblongata
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The portion of the rhombencephalon located closer to the spinal cord is the myelencephalon, will eventually form what?
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Medulla Oblongata
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How are ventricles of the brain form?
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Neurocoel within the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, metencephalon, and medulla oblongata expands to form chambers (ventricles).
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Ventricles are lined with what kind of cells?
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Ependyma
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True or False: Each cerebral hemisphere contains a large LATERAL VENTRICLE and they are connected to one another?
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False: Each cerebral hemisphere does contain a large lateral ventricle HOWEVER they are NOT connected to one another.
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Where is the third ventricle located?
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The third ventricle is located in the diencephalon.
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How can the lateral ventricle communicate with the third ventricle?
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The lateral ventricles are able to communicate with the third ventricle of the diencephalon through an INTERVENTRICULAR FORAMEN
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What is the another name for INTERVENTRICULAR FORAMEN?
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Foramen of Monro
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What purpose does the AQUEDUCT of MIDBRAIN served?
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Is a passageway that connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle
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All the ventricles are filled with what?
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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What is the another name for INTERVENTRICULAR FORAMEN?
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Foramen of Monro
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What purpose does the AQUEDUCT of MIDBRAIN served?
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Is a passageway that connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle
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All the ventricles are filled with what?
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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Arrange the Pons, Medulla oblongata, Mesencephalon, Diencephalon, thalamus, hypothalamus, and Pitutary in order from the highest to the lowest?
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The Brain is protected and supported by what 3 structures?
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Crania meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid Blood brain barrier |
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The CRANIAL MENINGES are made up of 3 layers, name them?
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Dura mater
Arachnoid mater Pia mater |
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The dura mater consist of two layers, an outer layer called "endosteal" and an inner layer called "meningeal." But these layers are usually separated by what?
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A slender gap that contains tissue fluids and blood vessels. These vessels opens to the sinuses and deliver the venous blood to the internal jugular veins of the neck.
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True or False: The arachnoid mater provide a rough surface that do not follow the brain's underlying folds?
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False: provide a smooth surface
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The pia mater is anchored by what of cells?
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Astrocytes
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What are the advantages of DURAL FOLDS?
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Provide additional stabilization and support to the brain
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What are the 3 largest dural folds?
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Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli Falx cerebelli |
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What structures do the Falx cerebri separate? Tentorium cerebelli separate? Falx cerebelli separate?
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The falx cerebri projects between the cerebral hemisphere in the longitudinal fissure.
The tentorium cerebelli protects the hemispheres and separates them from those of the cerebrum. The falx cerebelli divides the two cerebellar hemisphere along the midsagittal line |
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List all the functions of the cerebrospinal fluid?
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Cushioning delicate neural structures
Supporting the brain Transporting nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products. |
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Free exchange occurs between the ________ _______ and the ____________ _______
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Interstitial fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid |
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Which vascular complex in the roof of the third and fourth ventricles of the brain is responsible for the production of cerebrospinal fluid?
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Choroid plexus
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What is the difference between CEREBROSPINAL FLUID and BLOOD PLASMA?
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Blood plasma contains high concentration of soluble proteins, where CSF does not.
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Arterial blood are able to reach the brain through which arteries?
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Carotid arteries
Vertebral arteries |
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Which arteries mainly drain the blood from the cranium?
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Internal jugular veins drain the dural sinuses
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Define CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE? CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS?
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Are cardiovascular disorders that interfere with the normal blood supply to the brain.
Like a stroke, that occurs when the blood supply to a portion of the brain is shut off. Affected neurons begin to die. |
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What is the importance of BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER?
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Blood Brain Barrier is a barrier that can isolate the general circulation from the neural tissue of the CNS.
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Why is it necessary to isolate the general circulation from the neural tissue of the CNS?
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Because the endothelial cells that line the capillaries of the CNS are extensively interconnected by tight junctions and these junctions prevent the diffusion of materials between adjacent endothelial cells.
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The restricted permeability of the endothelial lining of the brain capillaries are dependent on chemicals secreted by what cells?
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Astrocytes
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If the astrocytes are damaged or stop stimulating the endothelial cells, what will happen to the blood brain barriers?
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The blood brain barrier will disappear
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True or False: Transport across the blood brain and blood-CSP barriers are selective but non-directional?
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False:Transport across the blood brain and blood-CSP barriers are SELECTIVE and DIRECTIONAL.
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Chord plexus is not part of the neural tissue but how can it receive substance from the CNS?
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Because blood-CSF barrier is created by specialized ependymal cells, the cell can interconnect by tight junctions and surround he capillaries of the choroid plexus.
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Blood brain barriers remain intact withe the exception of 4 areas, identify?
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Portions of the hypothalamus
Capillaries in the neurohypophysis Capillaries in the pineal gland Capillaries in the choroid plexus |
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The medulla oblongata includes three groups of nuclei, identify?
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Autonomic nuclei
Sensory and Motor Nuclei Relay stations - Nucleus Gracilis - Nucleus Cuneatus |
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Where are the centers that is responsible for the regulation of vital autonomic functions located?
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Reticular formation
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What are the two major groups of REFLEX CENTERS?
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Cardiovascular centers
Respiratory Rhythmicity Centers |
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The Cardiovascular centers are further divided into what?
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Cardiac
Vasomotor |
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The Medulla oblongata contain sensory and motor nuclei associated with which 5 cranial nerves?
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CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear
CN IX - Glassopharyngeal CN X - Vagus CN XII - Hypoglossal |
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Which group of nuclei passes somatic sensory information to the thalamus?
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Nucleus Gracilis
Nucleus Cuneatus |
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Define DECUSSATION?
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Crossing over to the opposite side of the brain
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What is the function of the OLIVARY NUCLEI?
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Relay information to the cerebellar cortex about somatic motor commands that are issued by motor centers at higher levels.
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What is the function of SOLITARY NUCLEUS?
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Receives visceral sensory information that reaches the CNS from the spinal nerves and cranial nerves on either sides
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The DIENCEPHALON consists of what?
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Epithalamus
Thalamus Hypothalamus |
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Where is the EPITHALAMUS located in relation to the diencephalon?
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Roof of the diencephalon
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Which structural component of the DIENCEPHALON contains the PINEAL GLAND?
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Posterior portion of the epithalamus
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Define PINEAL GLAND?
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Pineal gland is an endocrine structure that secretes the hormone MELATONIN.
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What is MELATONIN for?
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Important in the regulation of day-night cycles
Regulation of the reproductive functions |
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Ascending sensory information from the spinal cord and cranial nerves synapses in s nucleus in the left and right thalamus before reaching the cerebral cortex and our conscious awareness with the exception of which one area?
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Olfactory tract
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What structure in the DIENCEPHALON link between the nervous and endocrine systems?
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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Where are the THALAMUS located in relation to the DIENCEPHALON?
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Forms the lateral wall (right and left side)
Located on each side of the diencephalon. |
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What are roles of the THALAMUS?
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Acts as a filter, passing on only a small portion of the arriving sensory information.
Coordinates the activities of the basal nuclei and the cerebral cortex by relaying information between them. |
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Define INTERTHALAMIC ADHESION?
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Interthalamic adhesion is a projection of gray matter or intermediate mass extending into the ventricle from the thalamus on either side.
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Define THALAMIC NUCLEI?
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Thalamic nuclei are round masses found in each nuclei
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What is the function of the THALAMIC NUCLEI?
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Deal primarily with the relay of sensory information to the basal nuclei and cerebral cortex.
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List the five groups of THALAMIC NUCLEI?
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Anterior group
Medial group Ventral group Posterior group Lateral group |
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Of the 5 thalamic nuclei groups, which one provide an awareness of emotion states by connecting emotional centers in the hypothalamus with the frontal lobes?
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Medial
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Of the 5 thalamic nuclei groups, which one relay sensory information about touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception to the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex?
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Ventral
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Of the 5 thalamic nuclei groups, which one involves emotion and motivation?
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Anterior
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Of the 5 thalamic nuclei groups, project visual information to the visual cortex (lateral geniculate nuclei)?
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Posterior
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Of the 5 thalamic nuclei groups, which integrates sensory information for projection to the cerebral cortex (pulvinar)?
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Posterior
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Of the 5 thalamic nuclei groups, which one project auditory information to the auditory cortex (medial geniculate nuclei)?
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Posterior
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Of the 5 thalamic nuclei groups, which one is part of the Limbic system?
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Anterior
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Of the 5 thalamic nuclei groups, which one projects information from the basal nuclei of the cerebrum and the cerebellum to somatic motor areas of the cerebral cortex (primary sensory cortex)
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Ventral
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Of the 5 thalamic nuclei groups, which one affects emotion states, integration of sensory information, as well as form feedback loops with the limbic system?
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Lateral
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Of the 5 thalamic nuclei groups, which one receives and relays sensory information from other portions of the thalamus?
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Medial
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The HYPOTHALAMUS can be stimulated how?
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Sensory information from the cerebrum, brain stem, and spinal cord.
Changes in the compositions of the CSF and interstitial fluid Chemical stimuli in the circulating blood that move rapidly across highly permeable capillaries. |
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Briefly describe all the functions of the HYPOTHALAMUS?
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The hypothalamus directs somatic motor patterns associated with rage, pleasure pain, and sexual arousal by stimulating centers in other portions of the brain --> facial expressions
Adjusts and coordinates the activities of autonomic centers in the pons and medulla oblongata that regulate heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and digestive functions Coordinate neural and endocrine activities by inhibiting or stimulating endocrine cells in the pituitary glands through the production of regulatory hormones. Secrete ADH (restricting water loss in kidneys) and OXT (stimulate smooth muscle contractions in the uterus. Control feeding reflexs (licking, thirst, swallowing) Regulate body temperature Coordinate between voluntary and autonomic functions Coordinate day and night cycles of activity |
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Identify all functions of LIMBIC SYSTEM?
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Establishing emotional states
Linking the conscious intellectual functions of the cerebral cortex with the unconscious and autonomic functions of the brain stem Facilitating memory storage and retrieval |
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The limbic system is called known as what and why?
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Motivational system because other parts of the brain enables you to perform complex tasks, it is largely the limbic system that makes you WANT to do them.
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List all components of the LIMBIC SYSTEM?
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CEREBRAL COMPONENT
-Cortical areas: limbic lobe -Nuclei: hippocampus, amygdaloid body -Tracts: fornix DIENCEPHALIC COMPONENTS - Thalamus: anterior group - Hypothalamus RETICULAR FORMATION: network of interconnected nuclei throughout the brain stem. |
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Functions of the AMYGDALOID BODY?
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Regulation of heart rate
Control "fight or flight" response Linking emotions with specific memories |
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Identify 3 GYRI in the LIMBIC LOBE?
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Cingulate gyrus
Dentate gyrus Parahippocampal gyrus |
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Which structure in the LIMBIC SYSTEM connects the HIPPOCAMPUS with the HYPOTHALAMUS?
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Fornix, a tract of water matter
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What is the important of the HIPPOCAMPUS?
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Important in learning, especially in the storage and retrieval of new long term memories.
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Damage to the amygdaloid body would interfere with regulation of what division of the autonomic nervous system?
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Fight or flight system
Sympathetic of the Autonomic Divison |
