Philosophy: Test 2

Front 1

A ______ is a defect in an argument that consists in something other than false premises alone.

Back 1

Fallacy

Front 2

A _______ ______ is one that can be identified by merely examining the form or structure of an argument.

Back 2

formal fallacy

Front 3

________ ______ are those that can be detected only by examining the content of the argument.

Back 3

Informal fallacies

Front 4

Fallacies of ______ _________ occur because the connection between the premises and conclusion is not strong enough to actually support the conclusion.

Back 4

Fallacies of weak induction

Front 5

Appeal to ________ _______; this fallacy is a variety of the inductive argument form authority but, in this case, the cited authority or witness lacks credibility

Back 5

Appeal to Unqualified Authority

Front 6

Appeal __ _______ occurs when an arguer attempts to support a conclusion by merely evoking pity from the reader or listener

Back 6

Appeal to Pity

Front 7

Appeal to ___ ______ uses such common desires as wanting to be loved, esteemed, admired, valued, recognized, accepted, etc. to get the reader/listener to accept a conclusion

Back 7

Appeal to the People

Front 8

In an appeal to the people, the indirect has 3 approaches:.....

Back 8

Bandwagon Argument
Appeal to Vanity
Appeal to Snobbery

Front 9

Argument _____ __ ______ always involves two arguers, with one arguer attacking the character or personal traits of the other instead of that person’s actual argument. (generally argument against the character, or the situation of a person)

Back 9

Argument Against the Person


4a. Ad hominem abusive.
4b. Ad hominem circumstantial.
4c. Tu quoque.

Front 10

An ________ occurs when a general rule is applied to a specific case it was not intended to cover

Back 10

Accident

Front 11

_____ _____ occurs when an arguer distorts an opponent’s argument for the purpose of more easily attacking it, then proceeds to demolish the distorted argument and acts like the opponent’s real argument has been demolished. (always involves 2 arguers, one of them distorts the other persons argument, conclusion then drawn)

Back 11

Straw Man

Front 12

______ __ _____occurs when the premises of an argument support one particular conclusion, but then a different conclusion, often vaguely related to the correct conclusion, is drawn. (misapplies premises and draws a different conclusion than should be drawn)

Back 12

Missing the Point

Front 13

______ ______occurs when the arguer diverts the attention of the reader/listener by changing the subject to a different but sometimes subtly related topic. (adds new premises that subtly change the subject)

Back 13

Red Herring

Front 14

"People that go around thrusting knives into other people should be arrested. Surgeons often thrust knives into other people. So, surgeons should be arrested."
This is an example of a ______.

Back 14

Accident

Front 15

"Evolutionists believe that a dog can give birth to a cat. This idea is obviously ridiculous. Therefore, evolutionary theory is ridiculous."
This is an example of a _______.

Back 15

Straw Man

Front 16

"Crimes of theft and robbery across the nation have been increasing dramatically. Hence, it is imperative to reinstate the death penalty immediately."
This is an example of a _______.

Back 16

Missing the point

Front 17

"There is a lot of talk these days about the need to eliminate pesticides from our fruit and vegetables. But many of these foods are essential to our health. Carrots provide vitamin A, broccoli is rich in iron, and oranges are high in vitamin C."
This is an example of a ______.

Back 17

Red Herring

Front 18

Appeal to ________ occurs when the premises of an argument state that nothing has been proved one way or the other about some thing X, and the conclusion then makes a definite assertion about X

Back 18

Appeal to Ignorance

Front 19

______ ________ occurs in arguments that are inductive generalizations. But, unlike strong inductive generalizations, this fallacy occurs when there is a reasonable likelihood that the sample is not representative of the group as a whole. (generally has to do with people and their behavior from a few instances)

Back 19

Hasty Generalization

Front 20

______ _______ occurs whenever the link between the premises and conclusion depends on some imagined causal connection that probably does not exist. (like a superstition)

Back 20

False Cause

Front 21

_______ _______ occurs when the conclusion of an argument rests on an alleged chain reaction and there is not sufficient evidence to think the chain reaction will actually take place

Back 21

Slippery Slope

Front 22

______ _______ occurs when the analogy is not strong enough to support the conclusion that is drawn

Back 22

Weak Analogy

Front 23

_______________ is committed whenever the arguer creates an illusion that inadequate premises provide adequate support for the conclusion by leaving out a possibly false (shaky) key premise, by restating a possibly false premise as the conclusion, or by reasoning in a circle. ("Jeff is guilty of murder because Jeff killed that person")

Back 23

Begging the Question

Front 24

A ___________ is committed when 2 or more questions are asked in the guise of a single question and a single answer is then given to both of them.

Back 24

Complex Question

Front 25

A ____________ is committed when a disjunctive ("either....or") premise presents 2 unlikely alternatives as if they were the only ones available, and the arguer then eliminates the undesirable alternative, leaving the desirable one as the conclusion. (the "either" "or" doesn't present all options)

Back 25

False Dichotomy

Front 26

_______ occurs when the conclusion of an argument depends on the fact that a word or phrase is used, either explicitly or implicitly, in 2 different senses of the argument. (single word or phrase is used twice and has 2 different meanings, then conclusion is drawn)

Back 26

Equivocation

Front 27

_________ occurs when the arguer misinterprets an ambiguous phrase (can be taken 2 different ways) and draws a conclusion based on this faulty interpretation.

Back 27

Amphiboly

Front 28

_________ is committed when the conclusion of an argument depends on the erroneous transference of an attribute from the parts of something onto the whole. (talks about objects or classes of people, NOT BEHAVIORAL, has similarity with each part of entity)

Back 28

Composition

Front 29

_______ is committed when the conclusion of an argument depends on the erroneous transference of an attribute from a whole (or class) onto its parts (or members). (Breaks down into components, not the whole itself. (Not like a scoop of Ice cream compared to the bowl it was taken from.)

Back 29

Division

Front 30

In an appeal to the people argument, the ______ approach occurs when an arguer, addressing a large group of people (mob), excites the emotions and enthusiasm of the crowd to win acceptance of his or her conclusion.

Back 30

Direct Approach

Front 31

In an appeal to the people argument, the ______ approach occurs when the arguer aims his or her appeal not to the crowd as a whole but at one or more individuals separately, focusing on some aspect of their relationship to the crowd.

Back 31

Indirect Approach

Front 32

_________ occurs whenever an arguer poses a conclusion to another person and tells that person either implicitly (indirectly) or explicitly (straight up) that some harm will come to him or her if they don't accept the conclusion.

Back 32

Appeal to Force