Philosophy Exam 2

Front 1

Aristotle

Back 1

-realism (virtue)/practical
-human nature
-city/state serves family, its role is to cultivate virtue
-thing acts according to what it is
-man by nature is a social animal

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Plato

Back 2

-idealism
-individual finds place in serving the city/state

Front 3

societies following realism

Back 3

democracy, capitalism, aristocracy

Front 4

societies following idealism

Back 4

socialism, communism, marxism

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philosophers that follow the state

Back 5

Pythagorean, Democritus, Socrates, Plato, Stoics

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philosophers that follow the individual

Back 6

sophists, epicureans

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Pythagoreans

Back 7

individual subordinate to whole for good of the state

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citizen

Back 8

individual law of that state that follows laws

Front 9

Hegel

Back 9

defined ourselves based on social relations

Front 10

sophists

Back 10

violate law

Front 11

epicureans

Back 11

egoism self-interest p 184

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stoics

Back 12

natural law/participation p 185-186

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Hugo Grotius & Thomas Hobbes

Back 13

social contract agreement among society p 194

natural rights: life, liberty, happiness

state creates human law
peace from individual sacrafice

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Hobbes

Back 14

wrote "The Leviathian" man is ferocious animal, self negative view p 195

Front 15

four types of law by Thomas Aquinas

Back 15

law is an ordinance of reason made common good by one who has care of community and must be promulgated

1. Reasonable
2. Common good
3. Made by someone who has care of community (legislature)
4. promulgated, public

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Types of law

Back 16

1. Eternal law: universe, highest law (seasons)
2. Divine law: 10 commandments, religious law
3. Natural law: naturally knowable, automatically known, born with, barrow-return, good is persued and evil avoided, morality, conscience
4. Human law: created by humans, civil, legislatures, not perfect, mistakes, pressures.

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U.S. is based on

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founded on natural law
when there is a conflict, higher laws are used

unjust law is no law at all
Gandhi- human laws are unjust

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natural rights

Back 18

cannot take rights away
for common good
laws when necessary
free of gov, police spying
right to keep what is earned
not to be interfered with
right to be left alone

Front 19

liberalism

Back 19

Ted Kennedy
people defined by strong set of natural rights, but rights are different, positive rights for benefit of society give up more rights
- decent housing, education, health care, security, food
-strong government, social programs

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libertarian

Back 20

Ron Paul
tea party
little government

people defined as selves by strong set of natural rights (negative - "don't")

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Duty theory

Back 21

people communitarian reject rights theory favor duty. on extreme communism - self becomes function of society rather than independent identity

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communism

Back 22

no self outside society

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socialism

Back 23

advocates equal access for all a leveling common/public ownership

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capitalism

Back 24

-free market
-private control of businesses
-limited interference

Front 25

King Solomon the wise

Back 25

meaning of life, happiness, Ecclesiastes

Front 26

Vanity

Back 26

Hebel = uselessness, like Locke, wisdom/experience
life has a purpose just don't know what it is

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Albert Camus

Back 27

absurdity- should give life meaning
family, career, money, goals/hobbies, religion/God, after life
or no meaning

Front 28

Boethius

Back 28

studied with academy, joint consuls, jack of all trades, statesman, consuls, good man, stood for justice, master of kinds office
arrested/prison
1. desired safety of senate
2. hindered use of perg. testimony of senate
3. desired freedom of Rome
4. guilty sacrilege magical contact with evil spirits

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stoicism with happiness

Back 29

-Porch, Zeno
- rest on a dogma
-happiness is found in apathy, not caring
- tranquility
-resign to fate
-epicetist - sick yet happy, exile happy, fate

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epicureanism with happiness

Back 30

happiness = pleasure
avoiding pain
ultilitarism

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Eudaemonism

Back 31

-happiness = virtue
- ethical doctrine that personal happiness is chief good and proper aim of action, happiness and virtue (pure) are identical

Front 32

How has the great social debate among philosophers differed on the role of the individual in society?

Back 32

Aristotle believes that the state should serve the individual, and the individual serves the family in order to cultivate virtue.

Plato believes that individual should serve the city/society

Front 33

Who among the ancient Greeks considered the function of man was subordinate himself to the needs of society and emphasized a well-administered government?

Back 33

plato and the pythagoreans believed that the individual should subordinate themselves to whole for good of the state. "good man was a good citizen" laws are used to make the whole good.

Front 34

Who among the ancient Greeks advocated instead for the ultimate worth and independence of each member? How have these two opposing views shaped the form of government in civilization?

Back 34

Aristotle believed that man is by nature a social animal and as such can realize his true self only in society and among his kind, the goal of the state is to produce good citizens. it should be organized and conducted so that it enables each member to become wholly good. individual to live virtuous and happy life.

social contract theory
these two views form a social contract agreement amount society and there is peace from individual sacrifice, laws allow people to stay in line, but we cannot be deprived without due process

Front 35

What is the result of complete state dominance on the individual? What is the result on society of the complete independence of individuals?

Back 35

loss of freedom, every aspect of life contains laws

chaos and the ability to do whatever to whom every whenever, dangerous to human kind

Front 36

How did Thomas Hobbes seek to reconcile these two views by forming a model of government that achieves a balance? Explain how this "concept" of Thomas Hobbes works?

Back 36

mutual contract, men give up their rights for the good of society. to insure men transfer power to a ruler or an assembly, after the ruler has been set up and given power men must obey

Front 37

Hugo Grotius, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke all philosophized about a concept called natural rights. What is meant by this thoery of natural rights?

Back 37

natural rights: life, liberty, and happiness,
Grotius: man has certain natural rights which are rooted in his very nature which even God cannot change or destroy, limited by human law.

Hobbes: man has natural right to do anything which he pleases, urge for self preservation, ferocious animal (war and pillage(, voluntarily gives up his rights,

Locke: original and natural state of all men is one of perfect freedom and equality, all men are free and equal, no one has the right to take away another's life liberty and processions. main purpose of a law is to preserve social group limited to public good of society, men are left to be free

Front 38

How did this view influence America's founding fathers in the seminal documents of our country? How has this natural rights theory influenced current American thought on fundamental rights? What are some of these fundamental rights explicitly mentioned in the U.S. constitution?

Back 38

the U.S. is founded on natural law, where good is pursued and evil is avoided, morality, conscience. cannot take away natural rights. liberties

Front 39

What is the definition of law according to thomas aq? name and define four types of law by TA. What are characteristics of human civil law that have enabled philosophers suggest it is okay to disobey civil law?

Back 39

law is an ordinance of reason made for common good by one who has care of community and must be promulgated

philosophers feel that 'human law' contains mistakes making it at times beneficial and necessary to disobey civil law. unjust law is no law at all, ghandi - human laws are unjust

Front 40

Describe each of the different philosophies of happiness?

Back 40

stoicism: rests on dogma, happiness is found in apathy, not caring, tranquility, resign to fate, epicetists: sick yet happy

epicureanism: happiness = pleasure, avoiding pain, ultilitarism

eudaemonism: happiness = virtue, personal happiness is chief good and proper aim of action, happiness and virtue are identical (pure), virtuous knowledge, to do what is right

Front 41

Discuss the stoic view of fortune as "deceptive when she seems to promise happiness, beneficial when she comes as misfortune."

Back 41

Adverse fortune teaches, benefits of misfortune, leads back to what is good shows true friends. gift of fortune do not give happiness. silly notion that happiness is based on good fortune.

Front 42

How does lady philosophy argue that the gifts of fortune are incomplete? What is perfect happiness according to Lady philosophy?

Back 42

gifts of fortune only deceive, grass is always greener on the other side, everyone always finds something lacking in their lives, no one is entirely satisfied with his lot

Lady Philosophy believes that God is true happiness,
P: source of all things is good,
P: God is source of all things therefore
C: God is good.

God is the highest good & source of happiness

Front 43

What is mans nature according to lady philosophy? What is fortune's nature? How can man truly be happy relating to nature?

Back 43

nature of man is to be ruled by emotions
fortune's nature is fickle and changing, two faced

Front 44

How do wicked men lose their nature and become like beasts?

Back 44

evil men try to achieve same goal as virtuous by variety of concupiscence,anyone who abandons virtue ceases to be a man, since he cannot share in the divine nature and instead becomes a beast, vice lowers those whom it has seduced from the condition of men beneath human nature, to give ones self to evil is to lose one's human nature

Front 45

how is true happiness contrasted with false happiness? what are false happiness and how do these false gifts of fortune leave us unsatisfied?

Back 45

false happiness, wealth social position, marriage, children, false happiness is weak, true happiness you have power

true happiness is what makes a man self-sufficient, powerful, worthy of reverence and renown and joyful

Front 46

what is the sum, pivot and cause of all men's desire? what proof does lady philosophy use to establish god as the source of happiness?

Back 46

goodness is rightly considered the sum pivot and cause of a that men desire, logic, there cannot exist two highest goods which differ from one another. happiness an God are the highest good; that must be the highest happiness which is the highest divinity.

Front 47

how does LP comfort B in his suffering? How does she reason that he should not regret his struggles with fortune?

Back 47

1

Front 48

how are virtue and the middle ground the antidotes of philosophy that LP offers to console him? How should wicked men be treated? can wicked men ever be happy?

Back 48

philosophy is the medicine

wicked men are more deserving of pity, as sick men are taken to the doctor, they need to be cured, hating evil men makes no sense, regard with sympathy.

Front 49

What is meant by Aristotle's definition of complete happiness? how does a complete life guard against reversals of fortune?

Back 49

experience and virtue lead for complete happiness. knowledge from a complete life guards against reversals of fortune, we all go about life differently "for a carpenter and a geometer investigate the right angle in different ways", "we must try to investigate in the natural way", true happiness involves internals and externals.

Front 50

what preconditions does A say are needed for virtue? are animals and children capable of any of these preconditions for virtue? How?

Back 50

happiness comes as a result of virtue and some process of learning or training, pre-existing conditions of happiness, naturally co-operative and useful, one must be good and capable of of noble acts. This is why animals or children can not have true happiness, complete virtue also needs a complete life

Front 51

How does our society make its laws based on A's concept of virtue?

Back 51

1

Front 52

Ecclesiastes

Back 52

vanity of vanities all is vanity chasing after the wind

generation goes generation comes
all things are wearisome

much wisdom is vexation

tried all different things to find happiness, built houses, grew gardens, had gold and silver, and in the end found all was worthless, there was nothing to be gained.

the wise have eyes in their head, but fools walk in darkness

Front 53

East: Political Theory and Public policy

Back 53

theory instruct us concerning the nature of things and the nature of man, theory is the only avenue to the deepest and fullest level of understanding and it affords the foundation for developing the most mature and enduring public policy.