Phil Exam 2

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Hobbes acount of the state of nature-Single Natural Right

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Self Preservation: As humans we have the natural right to self preservation, or the right to exist, which is at jeopardy. in a state of nature. In a state of nature Hobbes believes we find ourselves in chaotic conditions, with a need for rules to avoid running ourselves into ruin. Without laws and a sense of direction, the drives, powers and passions we have in a state of nature would be left unchecked, and we would drive ourselves into destruction or death. Hobbes advocates for moving from state of nature, in which we have natural freedom, to a civil society in which freedom is restricted by a social contract to maintain self preservation. Conflicts in a SON comprimise our right to self preservation

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Eudaimonia

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at the end of the day every human wants to be happy, motivation behind what we do. we don't want to just survive, but live flourishing life.

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Absolute Equality in SON

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absoulte equaliyt exists in a SON bc all ppl are subject to the laws of nature. everyone is equally vulnerable to laws of nature. despite differences in our skill set, nothing in SON would put put on group in position of power over another. some may have better skill sets but at the end of the day, no one group will have more power over another.

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Similar Desires in SON

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-->competition
-->enmity/distrust
rational for me to be in competition with you and fear you as my enemy, since we both need the same thing sin order to survive. and there is an assumption that there is a limited supply of what we need in order to survive.

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Limited Resources-result of Civil society with private property, not SON

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SON=SOW because there are a limited number of resources.when resources are taken out of the natural pool of resources and made "mine" (private property) this limits access to resuorces. *resources are severly limited due to making them our own.

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SON=SOW

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justifies giving up SON and our natural rights to maintain self preservation

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mutual enmity

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we are in competeition and do not trust one another, rational to fear each other as enemys since we both need things in order to survive.

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*HOBBESMove into a civil society-Social contract as a unanimous decision

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is this about happiness? we dont want to just survive but live a flourishing life, within structure of a civil society we have the best chance of living a good/virtuos life.

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formation of Absolute Sovereign

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-protect civil society by establishment of political power with absolute power. soverign stands outside limits of social contract system. president has power as long as he fulfills terms/conditions
-relative power:power of soverign can do what he/she wants as long as self-preservation is guaranteed.
know as well that absolute power implies that power is not relative

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justification for absoulte authority of sovereign

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-absolute bc....absolute control pushes everyone down, everyone under mandates of absolute soveriegn, only way power means anything. everyone is EQUALLY FEARFUL of absolte power . power must be oncontestable bc if there was room over avoiding mandates of power than revolt could occur, everyone would not be equally fearful. FEAR is important is keeping order.

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LOCKE-diff bw Hobbes and Lockes on SON

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SON=SOW
the law to preserve thyself and to preserve mankind. From these two laws originate two rights, the right to self preservation and the right to punish, which Locke uses to justify a move from the state of nature to a civil society
-we don't need absolute soveriegn for this

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why leave SON-inconveniences

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1) right to enjoy life
2) right to punish- all obligates equally to preserve well being of mankind-->all have equal right to punich-->but cannot be done rationally in SON bc we will be impartial to our family/friends SO right to punich actually compromises well being of mankind

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must give up right to punish in a

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single judical body

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why is private property needed for self preservation?

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in forming a civil body
1)give up rights to punish
2) protection of right to private property. to preserve self need to establish private proprty so that my apples are defined as mine, and yours as yours.

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how is private proprty established?

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"my labor" + "natural good"=my property. labor prioritizes my right to good over yours. natural good are given to everyone by God but once mixed with labor that piece belongs to me.
labor also increases valu eof natural resources-->yield increases.

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*Limits to private property(factors that limit wealth)

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spoilage-limits wealth, solved by the invention of money
scarcity-limits wealth, scarcity of natural resources so that there is little to add labor to, solved trhough the trickle down effect
$=property in a non perishable form. money allows accumulation of wealth without limit-no scarcity or spoilage.

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Rousseau Critique of Locke

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Rousseau believes that the right to self preservation does not come from nature, as Locke asserts, but from more superior values consisting of human’s moral freedom and rights. If the forces of nature are left to run their course, according to Hobbes and Locke’s social contract, man will inevitably progress from a state of nature into a state of social deprivation Rousseau critiques Locke’s social contract because it is only based on self preservation. When humans are only motivated by self preservation, as they were throughout the Enlightenment period, moral degradation occurs, robbing humans of their humanity. Rousseau believes that a progression to a legitimate society requires an interruption of the natural course of events with moral freedom. The idea of perfectibility is what ultimately allows the transition out of a state of nature to a state of deprivation. *Locke's description of a civil society is a depraved version of civic life...SON-->Depraved Society

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*Rousseau: What makes a social order legitimate?

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A society that eliminates a yolk of convenience (bc our lives are more complex we can no longer satisfy our needs in isolation, can no longer exist in perfect isolation bc we depend on another for protection and to obtain things. yolk of convenience-dependence on each other changes natural inequalities into social ineuqalities and dependent relations where some are in positions of greater power over others. must depend on others to maintain levels of convenience

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Roussea SON characteristics

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natural vs moral freedom:
NATURAL-ammorality-actions are neither right or wrong, natural empathy, do not yet understands ourselves in terms of moral worth, but but still not brutish due to our natural ability to empathisize-feel eachothers pain
MORAL-perfectibility allows us to reason and transcend our nature

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SON characteristics- absolute equality-equality=freedom from servitude

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immediate needs we can satisfy ourselves, perfectly free since no one can determine what i can or cannot do-no one needs anyone else to fulfill our needs , but since our needs or simple, inequalities still allow us to exist in a state of perfect freedom or independence
-natural inequalities due to certain capacities and skill sets

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Development of reason gives rise to a depraved society

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reason--->coplex needs

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development of a complex language

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complex needs/communication

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development of foresight

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immediate needs-->complex needs. allows us to anticpate what we need in the future

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accumulation of resources in the form of private property

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ability to anticipate future needs causes us to gather more resources at one time. and need for private property

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Scarcity gives rise to a relationship of servitude

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use SON inequalities to position ourselves at an advatange over someone at a disadvantage, skills wil laloow some to incrase their yield and one individual will havemore options and resources over another placing ppl in relationships of servitude.
master=free
slave=not free
--->makes social conditions depraved, some individuals enjoy more freedom over others

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roussea

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purchasing power=labor. only access to apples to purchasing of them with labor. so set up terms/conditions...
labor-propery owning power (natural superiority)
-labor devalued and worth less that than of propery owner. labor owner can disadvantage you to my advantage. social inequalities different from natural inequalities. servitude relationship

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roussea crities locke

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locke-justification of unlimited pp. critique-engagement is depraved, one individual freer than another.

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Legitimate society-goal is to eliminate yolk of invoncenience, thus eliminating relations of servitude

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s.c. fixes distrubution of resources so that labor allows equality of worth. freedom is not absence of laws, but restrictions to freedom must come from you. single soverign body results from social , moral equality. every individual must agree to give up every one of their rights

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sealey comment

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Rousseau’s justification for entering a social contract is the need to eliminate social inequalities that arise in a depraved social condition. We end up in this depraved condition when we are solely motivated by a need for sellf-preservation.

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roussea solution

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give up right sto single soveriegn body. everyone established as equally rightless.
1)single soverign body=collective whole
2)willing with a general will
3)address distribution of wealth
soverign(legislative)-->gov't (executive)---->citizen (obey)
give laws to self, restrict our own freedoms compared to depraved society, in which our freedoms were restricted from te outside