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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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menstrum
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a solvent
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macerate
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to steep or soak in a liquid
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percolate
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to strain, run, seep a liquid through a solid
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tincture
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any extract using ethanol and water as the solvents
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decoction
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maceration of a solidin an actively heated aqueous menstruum
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infusion
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maceration of a solid in an aqueous menstruum when the menstruum in NOT being actively heated during soaking
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syrup
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plant extract directly into a carbohydrate
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mel
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an extract using honey as the solvent
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acetract
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extract using acetic acid
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fomentation
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when a cloth is dipped in a liquid plant extract, then applied to the skin
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poultice
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to apply a crude herb directly to the skin
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marc
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solid material left after a menstruum or solvent has been used to extract something
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corrigent
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substance that improves the flavor
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drug classes
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overall drug classes are not all named in parallel structure. They will generally tell you something about the drugs themselves-often about their function in the body - but not the same information for each class.
*may be named for mechanism of action *may be named for general prescriptive function *may be called by chemical or pharmaceutical name |
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constituent
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a component part of something
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active constituents
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when talking about a particular constituent of a plant, we are only talking about one small part, not the whole.
*therapeutic effect |
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glycosides
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structurally consist of a glycine and aglycone unit
extremely diverse gycone = 1+ saccharide or uronic acid unit aglycone (also called genin) = any other compound attached linkage between the 2 units can be broken by enzymes (i.e. from gut flora), heat, UV light. |
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inotropic
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strength
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chronotropic
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number
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cardioactive glycosides
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+ inotropic, -chronotropic
increase strength of contractions decrease number contractions mild diuresis variability of half-life Therapeutic dose = 60% of toxic dose (very narrow therapeutic window) |
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Anthraquinone Glycosides
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hydrolyzed mainly by gut bacteria in LI - aglycone portion released, act directly on colon epithelium to induce water and electrolyte secretion and peristalsis
* generally 8-12 hrs * can be painful with very strong contractions - often given with herbs with anti-spasmodic properties in western herbalism |
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Phenolic Glycosides
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-many are also tannins ( structurally belonging to both categories)
-aglycone is simple phenolic unit (benzene ring with 1+ etoh group) -functionally, not much overlap. Many have anti-microbial or anti-inflammatory properties. willow aspirin |
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Cyanogenic Glycosides
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-potentially goitrogenic d/t conversion to thiocyanate (a goitrogen) in the body
- contain hydrocyanic acid/prussic acid which can be catabolized to cyanide -require excessive dosing for cyanide poisoning *lethal dose considered as low as 60g for adults- but the usual small doses given do not generally accumulate but are continuously metabolized and excreted |
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Isothiocyanates
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research on anti-carcinogenic properties
Ex: mustard, garlic, cabbage/broccoli/kale |
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Flavonoids
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-generally found in high amounts in vegetables and fruits
-highly varying health functions - help us metabolize ex: works synergistically with vit c anti-inflammaroty anti-allergic antimicrobial |
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Common examples and sources of flavonoids
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isoflavones: soy, legume fruits
flavonols: onions, tea, apples, red wine, broccoli, organosulfides: garlic |
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Tannins
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any phenolic compound of sufficiently high molecular weight containing sufficient hydroxyls and other suitable groups (i.e. carboxyls) to form effectively strong complexes with protein and other macromolecules under the particular environmental conditions being studied.
-complex phenolic compounds - mostly glycosides - bind/precipitate proteins - key to many medicinal actions - precipitation of proteins medicinally - generally astringent *anti-diarrhea *antidotes to poisonings |
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Alkaloids
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-nitrogen-containing compounds
- huge functional variability among alkaloids and subgroups of alkaloids -generally end with "ine" morphine cocaine berberine caffeine nicotine |
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Gum
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-type of carbohydrate
-produced in response to injury to plant - acts as protective healing force -commercially mainly used for adhesives, binders, emulsifiers, gelling agents, thinckeners |
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Mucilages
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-type of carbohydrate
- generally slimy, slippery - form gels b/c water dissolves in the mucilage used as: bulk laxatives or adsorbents increase mucus in respiratory and urinary tracts relieve inflammation/ irritation |
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Efferent
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exit
- signals EXIT the CNS to go to the periphery |
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ganglion
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structure containing a number of nerve cell bodies, typically linked by synapses, and often forming a swelling on a nerve fiber
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neurotransmitters
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chemicals that allow a signal to pass form a neuron to a target cell
3 major types in the ANS, that interact with cell membrane receptors. acetylcholine - cholinergic epinephrine and norepinephrine - adrenergic |
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sympathetic division
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fight or flight - adrenergic
-stimulates metabolism with mobilization of energy reserves -decreased GI motility - contraction of GI sphincters *think of sympathetic reaction as a time to expend energy (ie. run, fight) and NOT a time to take in resources/ energy (digestion) - receptors are divided into alpha and beta groups |
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andrenergic receptors
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bind epinephrine and norepinephrine
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Parasympathetic Division
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rest and digest - cholinergic
* the threat is over. This is the time to heal, relax, take in and process resources, pee and poop. - constriction of pupils -secretion of digestive glands - contraction of urinary bladder during urination -stimulation and coordination of defecation - constriction of respiratory airways - decrease in : heart rate and force of cardiac contraction |
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Efferent Pathways
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preganglionic - travels from CNS to ganglion - synapses- postganglionic
postganglionic - path from ganglion to target organ |
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Drugs with Sympathetic Actions
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adrenergic agonists
- direct-acting agonists -indirect-acting agonists - mixed-action agonists |
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direct-acting agonist
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act directly on alpha and/or beta receptors, producing effects similar to those that occur following stimulation of sympathetic nerves or release of the hormone epinephrine from adrenal medulla
EX: *b2 selective adrenergic agonists used to treat symptoms of asthma Albuterol |
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indirect-acting adrenergic agonist
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taken up into presynaptic neuron and cause release of norepi
Ex: * For obesity, ADHD amphetamine dextroamphetamine (dexadrine) methamphetamine (desoxyn) |
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mixed-action adrenergic agonists
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directly stimulate adrenoreceptors and to release norepinephrine from the adrenergic neuron
EX: Pseudoephredrine as a nasal decongestant |
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Adrenergic Agonist Side Effects
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in some diabetics b2 agonists can cause hyperglycemia
b2 agonists can initiate arrhythmias and cardiac infarction -hyperactivity -headache -insomnia -nausea -dry mouth -sedation -tachycardia |
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tachyphylaxis
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repeated use = smaller effect
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Alpha Adrenergic Blocking Agents
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common side effects
-orthostatic hypotension -nasal congestion and runny nose -inhibition of ejaculation prescribed for: benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) HTN Excessive sweating |
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Beta Adrenergic Blocking Agents (Beta Blockers)
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Action: competitively binds with postsynaptic adrenergic membrane receptors, preventing their normal activation by adrenergic neurotransmitters
common names generally end with -lol: metprolol, atenolol, propranolol prescribed for: hypertension and HT disease migraines hyperthyroidism angina pectoris and myocardial infarction |
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Side Effects of Beta Blockers
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bradycardia
arrhythmias metabolic disturbances decreased libido failure to ejaculate fatigue insomnia nightmares depression |
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Contraindications for Beta Blockers
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do not stop abruptly
causes bronchoconstriction - CI in pt with asthma or COPD can cause CHF can cause hypoglycemia in diabetics do not mix with drugs that reduce AV node conduction |
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Cholinergic Agonists
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increase postsynaptic stimulation of a cholinergic neuron
Treat: atonic bladder: postpartum or postoperatively muscular weakness stimulate salvation in cases of xerostomia due to radiation |
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Side Effects of Cholinergic Agonists
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constriction of pupils
diaphoresis headache urinary urgency nausea diarrhea *Contraindicated for patients with asthma. Hypotensive effects ( can cause a cardiac event in pt with cardiac insufficiency) |
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Anticholinesterase Drugs
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Prevent the breakdown of ACh in the synaptic cleft, prolonging the activation of the postsynaptic membrane
- bind and reversibly inactivate AChE - while reversible can be used therapeutically, irreversible = insecticides and nerve agents used in chemical warfare prescribed for: muscular weakness of myasthenia gravis cognitive weakness of Alzheimer's ADHD in children |
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Side Effects of Anticholinesterase Drugs
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headache
hypotension urinary bladder urgency salivation abdominal pain and cramps bronchospasm diarrhea |
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Anti-Muscarinic Agents
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prescribed for:
GI tract spasms - IBS Parkinson's tremors cough suppression diagnostic pupil dilation Side Effects: blurred vision; pupil dilation confusion drowsiness constipation dry mouth restlessness headache tachycardia urinary retention |
