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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Cohosh used for
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Menopause
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What is Cranberry Juice drank for
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to prevent UTI
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What is Echinacea used for
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to strengthen the immune system
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What is Feverfew used for
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to prevent migraines
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What is Garlic eaten for
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to help inhance the cardiovascular system, reduce triglycerides and lower the blood pressure
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What is Ginger used for
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to suppress nausea and vomiting, and motion sickness
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What is Ginkgo used for
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to help increase memory but the research is lacking
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What is one of the risks with Garlic, Ginger and Ginkgo?
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a high risk of bleeding
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What is Glucosamine used for
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to help osteoarthritis
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What is probiotics used for
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to beneficial bacterica
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What is saw palmetto used for
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to benign prostatic hypertropy
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What is a risk with St John Wort
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it interact with many drugs and this can increase the metabolism of drugs
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What is Valerian used for
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to help promote sleep
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What is the organization that regulates complementary and alternative medicine
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DSHEA (the dietary Supplement Health and Education Act) in 1994
This also make it so the label can not say it is intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease but it can make claims to favorably influence bodily structure or function DSHEA also takes care of impurities, adulterants and variaility |
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What is the FDA definition of dietary Supplements
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vitamins, minerals, herbs or botanical, amino acids, and substances such as enzymes, organic tissues, glandular and metabolism intended to supplement the diet
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what does CAM stand for
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Complementary and Alternative Medicine and is diverse medical and health care systems, practices and products that are not generally considered part of conventional medicines as practiced.
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what are the roles of herbal supplements
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safety, teaching, and to serve as resource
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What are the individual variations in drug responses
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body weight and composition--moving from weight to the body surface because this takes into account size, fat or lean this is a precent and is important becuase the body fat affects drug distribution
Age--variability with age (this is seen especially in infants [organ immaturity] and elderly [organ degeneration since severity of illness, multiple pathological, treatment with multiple drugs]) Pathophysiology--kidney disease, liver disease, and acid-base imbalance tolerance--the decreased responsiveness to a drug as a result of repeated drug administration and therefore will require a higher doses |
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What is the placebo effect
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any response a patient has to a placebo is based solely on his or her psychologic reaction to the idea of taking a medication and not to any direct physiologic or biochemical action
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What is the study of how genes affect individual drug responses
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pharmachogenomics
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how is genetics relative to pharm
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genetics can
1. alter drug metabolism 2. altered drug targets |
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What are some variations within pharmacology
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1. gender
2. race 3. failure to take medicine as prescribed (this is the most common variation) 4. drug interactions 5. diet |
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What are the 4 different stages of pharmacokinetics
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1. absorption
2. distribution 3. metabolism 5. excretion |
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what is the transfer of drugs for site of administration to the blood
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absorption
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do water or lipid soluble drugs transfer through the cell membrane easier
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lipid
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what are the differnet ways that a drug can go into the blood
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intravenous (fastest since it is strait into the blood stream)
intramuscular (middle since there is a lot of blood flow in the muscles) subcutaneous (put under the skin) Oral GI tubes (used for patients who cannot take oral medications, ex PEG but these have a high risk of complications) topical transdermal inhalation sublingual via vagina/rectum |
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what is the drugs that are carried by the blood to tissues and organs of the body
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distribution
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this is hard to do for tumors
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low regional blood flow, pus-filled pockets do not have internal blood vessels and solid tumors have limited blood supply
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can drugs transfer the placenta?
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yes
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what is the enzymatic alteration of drug structure, conversion of drug into less active active products that are more easily excreated
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metabolism
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what is the primary site of metabolism
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liver
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what is the first pass effect
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when the drug passes first through the liver the body losses a lot of the drug. this is only when the drug is taken orally
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what is the therapeutic range
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the range in between the minimum effective concentration of the drug and the toxic concentration of the drug in the lung
the objective of drug dosing is to maintain plasma drug levels within the therapeutic range |
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what is the peak
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it is the highest drug level of the blood
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what is trough (trof)
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lowest amount of drug in the blood
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what is the purpose of a peak and trof
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to monitor drug levels
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What is pharmacodynamics
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a drug exerts it effects (mechanism of actions)
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what is the receptor theory
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drugs exert effects by binding to receptors on cell surfaces
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what are receptros
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proteins on or in cells that interact with drug molecules
the number and sensitivity of receptors affects drug action and can change |
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What is an agonist
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a drug that combines with a receptor and initiates a pharmacologic response; a drug with affinity and efficacy
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what is an antagonist
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drug that combines with a receptor and inhibits or counteracts effects caused by other drugs or cellular components
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what are partial agonist
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acts with moderate intrinsic activity
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what are drug-drug interactions
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interactions can occur whenever a patient takes more than one drug
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how many ml in a l
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1000ml=1 l
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how many g in a kg
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1000g=1kg
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how many mg in a g
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1000mg=1g
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how many mcg in one mg
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1000mcg=1mg
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how many cm in an inch
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2.5cm=1in
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how many mm in a cm
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10mm=1cm
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how many ml in a tsp
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5ml=1 tsp
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how many ml in a tbsp
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15ml=1 tbsp
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how many ml in an ounce
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30 ml=1 ounce
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how many lbs in a kg
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2.2 lbs=1 kg
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how many ml in a glass
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240ml=1 glass
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what does AC/ac stand for
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before meals
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what does BID mean
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twice a day
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what does c stand for
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with
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what does cap stand for
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capsule
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what does CR stand for
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controlled release
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what does dil stand for
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dilute
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what does DR stand for
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delayed release
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what does elix stand for
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elixer
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what does E-R stand for
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extended release
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what does g, gm, G stand for
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gram
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what does gtt stand for
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drop
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what does h, hr stand for
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hour
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what does ID stand for
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intradermally
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what does IV stand for
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intravenously
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what does IM stand for
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intramuscular
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what does IVPB stand for
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intravenously piggyback
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what does kg stand for
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kilogram
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what does KVO stand for
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Keep vein open
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what does L or l stand for
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liter
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what does LA stand for
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long acting
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what does lb stand for
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pound
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what does mcg stand for
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microgram
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what does ml/mL stand for
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milliter
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what does NKA/NKDA stand for
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no known allergies/no known drug allergies
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what does NPO stand for
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nothing by mouth
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what does oz stand for
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ounce
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what does OTC stand for
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over the counter
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what does p stand for
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after
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what does pc/PC stand for
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after meals
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what does PCA stand for
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patient-controlled analgesia
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what does per stand for
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through, by/each
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what does prn stand for
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as needed, when necessary
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what does q stand for
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each, every
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what does qid
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for times a day
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what does Rx stand for
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give, treatment, prescription
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what does s stand for
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without
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what does subl/SL stand for
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sublingual (under the tongue)
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what does sol, soln stand for
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solution
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what does SR stand for
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slow, sustained released
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what does stat stand for
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immediately, at once
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what does subcut stand for
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subcutaneously
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what does supp stand for
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suppository
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what does tab stand for
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tablet
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what does TO stand for
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telephone order
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what does tib stand for
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three times a day
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what does TKO stand for
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to keep open
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what does tsp stand for
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teaspoon
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what does XR stand for
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extended release
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what does pharmacology mean
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a science that draws on information from multiple, disciplines including: Anatomy, physiology, psychology, chemistry, and microbiology
the study of drugs and their interactions with living systmes |
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what is a drug
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any chemical that can affect living processes
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what is clinical pharmacology
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the study of drugs in humans
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what is therapeutics
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the use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease or to prevent pregnancy, or more simply: the medical use of drugs
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what are the uses of drug therapy
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restore normal level of deficient substances
block harmful physiologic processes stimulate healthy physiologic processes destroy pathogens destroy abnormal tissue protect vulnerable tissue eliminate excess of harmful substances reduce sympotms |
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what are the three most important properties of an ideal drug
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1. effectiveness
2, safety 3. selectivity |
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what are some individual variations
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1. physiologic variables--age, gender, weight
2, pathologic variables--diminished function of kidney and liver 3. Genetic variables--alter metabolism of drugs and predispose patient to unique interactions 4. drug interactions |
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what are the parts of the nursing process
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1. assessment
2. nursing diagnosis 3. planning/goals 4. interventions 5. evaluation |
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what are the 6 rights that patient has
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the patient needs 2 identifiers
drug dose route time right documentation right to refuse |
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what are landmark drug legislations
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federal pure food and drug act, 1906
food, drug, and cosmetic act, 1938--first major for drugs this targeted safety ad efficacy, this regulated manufacture, distribution, advertising, labeling and made USP official standard for strength and purity. This also designated FDA to enforce harris-kefauver amendments 1962--the first law to demand that drugs actually offer some benefit controlled substances act 1970--this is also known as the controlled substance act and this classified and regulated drugs with potential for abuse and established drug abuse education and treatment programs |
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what are the different schedules
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schedule 1-high abuse potential NO approved medical use
schedule 2-high abuse potential, accepted medical use schedule 3-less abuse potential, accepted medical use schedule 4-some abuse potential, accepted medical use schedule 5-less abuse potential than schedule 4 and there are some accepted medical use |
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what does 1992 RX drug user fee act do
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shortened the drug review process
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what does 1997 FDA modernization act do
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Permitted drug companies to provide information about non-FDA approved uses (off-label uses)
this allows companies to provide information about ways that can treat other ways there are appropriate and not appropriate off label uses the the drug cannot be marketed for an off label use |
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what are the phases of new drug development
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phase 1-healthy subjects
phase 2-target group phase 3-larger target group phase 4-FDA evaluation and post-market surveillance |
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what are the three different types of drug names
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1. chemical name
2. generic name 3. trade name |
