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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is an idiosyncratic effect? |
an unexplained, uncharacteristic response to a drug; caused by hereditary factors or genetic differences - not dose related |
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what is an adverse effect? |
undesirable side effects that develop because drugs are not totally selective in their actions, usually dose related |
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what is an adverse drug reaction? |
a drug effect that is noxious and unintended when taking the correct dose |
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what is a teratogenic reaction? |
the drug induced damage that occurs in a fetus |
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what is the chemical name of a drug? |
refers to the chemical makeup of the drug and defines the unique chemical structure |
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what is the generic name of a drug? |
contains the same therapeutic chemicals as brand names, always lower cost, must be bioequivalent, delivers same amount of active ingredients and has similar biostability |
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what is the trade name of a drug? |
"proprietary"; registered trademark to a particular drug manufacturer, always capitalized, short and easy to remember |
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what is bioequivalence? |
a pharmaceutical equivalent or alternative that does not show differences in the rate and extend of absorption; the two drugs are essentially the same |
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what does aa mean? |
of each |
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what does ac and pc mean? |
before meals after meals |
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what does hs mean? |
at bed time |
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what does IM mean? |
intramuscular |
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what does po mean? |
by mouth |
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what does prn mean? |
as needed |
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what does q mean? qd? |
every once a day |
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what does sl mean? |
sublingual |
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what are the different routes of administration? |
enteral - through GI tract parentarel - outside intestines topical - anything subg and transdermal |
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what is pharmacokinetics? |
the study of drug movement throughout the body, including how a drug gets to the site of action and how the body handles medications |
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what is pharmacodynamics? |
the actions of a drug on a specific target organ |
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what is pharmacotherapeutics? |
the part of science dealing with the use of drugs in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease |
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what is pharmacogenetics? |
the merging of pharmacology and genetics, including the genetic factors that influence an organisms response to a drug |
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what is toxicology? |
the study of poisons, pollutants and the undesirable effect of drugs on living cells |
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what is posology? polypharmacy? |
the study of the dosages of medicines and drugs; the use of many medications |
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what is ADME? |
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion |
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what is biotransformation? |
chemical alteration of a fat soluble drug into a water soluble drug so it can be easily eliminated from the body |
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what is bioavailability? |
the rate and extent to which a drug is absorbed into systemic circulation |
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what are different forms of enteral administration of drugs? |
oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal |
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what are different forms of parentarel drug administration? |
intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, intrathecal |
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what are different forms of topical drug administration? |
transdermal, sublingual, epicutaneous, inhalation |
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how is a drug metabolized? |
primarily in the liver |
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what is a metabolite? |
a drug which has been metabolized by enzymes |
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how is a drug eliminated from the body? |
excreted via kidneys in water soluble form; the drug must be water soluble to pass through kidneys |
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what is elimination? |
the disappearance of the active drug from the bloodstream or body |
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what is excretion? |
elimination through the kidneys and out of the body in the urine |
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what is a half life? |
the time it takes for a drug to be half its original value it takes 4-5 half lives for a drug to be considered eliminated |
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what is passive diffusion? facilitated diffusion? |
movement of biochemicals across a cell membrane without the use of energy passive transport of chemicals across a cell membrane using transport proteins |
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what is a loading dose? maintenance dose? |
an initial high dose of a drug to establish therapeutic plasma drug concentration lower doses used to maintain a desired drug level |
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what is drug tolerance? |
occurs when a body adapts to a drug's actions and one requires larger doses to achieve the original effect the liver becomes efficient at breaking down the drug |
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what is drug dependance? |
loss of control over drug use, craving for substance resulting in physical psychological or social harm to user |
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what is a sympathomimetic? lytic? |
mimics the effect of the sympathetic nervous system blockers of sympathetic system |
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what is adrenergic? cholinergic? |
sympathetic system neurotransmitters parasympathetic system neurotransmitters |
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what is the sympathetic nervous system? |
fight or flight long postganglionic neurons extend to the organs they innervate |
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what are neurotransmitters? |
a chemical released by nerves at synapses and neuromuscular junctions; purpose is to carry nerve impulses across the synapse; broken down by enzymes |
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what is the parasympathetic nervous system? |
rest and digest short postganglionic neuron synapse near the target organ |
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what are alpha receptors? |
alpha 1 - increase blood pressure and flow, nasal decongestant alpha 2 - decrease blood pressure |
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what are beta receptors? |
beta 1 - located on heart muscle which increase heart rate, contractility and strenght beta 2 - located on bronchioles beta 3 - fat cells |
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what are muscarinic receptors? |
located on smooth muscle and glands - decrease heart rate, smooth muscle contraction |
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what are nicotinic receptors? |
located on postsynaptic and neuromuscular junctino of skeletal muscle - cause muscle contraction |
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what are the effects of sympathomimetics? |
mimic the sympathetic response stimulate receptors in the sympathetic nervous system - most characteristics exerted on CV system |
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what are diuretics? |
the first drugs used in the treatment of hypertension three classes - thiazide, loop and potassium sparing |
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what are thiazide diuretics? |
act in distal tubule of kidney to inhibit NaCl reabsorption back in the blood, resulting in increased urination; over months the diuretic effect decreases but antihypertensive effect remains suffix: -thiazide |
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what are loop diuretics? |
most effective; greater and more rapid diuresis with loss of fluids through kidney excretion suffix: -semide |
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what are potassium sparing diuretics? |
acts in the distal tubule, inhibition of sodium reabsorption results in a corresponding reduction in potassium excretion |
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what is an ACE inhibitor? |
angiotensin converting enzyme block the conversion of angiotenisn I to angiotensin II by inhibiting the converting enzyme. They reduce peripheral resistance resulting in lower blood pressure |
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what is an angiotensin blocker? |
block the receptors from receiving angiotensin II. They increase reabsorption of sodium and water in exchange for the excretion of potassium which results in elevated BP |
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what are cholesterol reducing drugs? |
statins primarily reduce LDL-C and slow the progression of coronary artery disease. They inhibit the HMG-CoA enzyme which results in less cholesterol formation by the liver |
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which cardiovascular drugs are contraindicated for diabetics? |
thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, nicotinic acid |
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what can affect cardiovascular drugs? |
NSAIDs can decrease effectiveness of an antihypertensive drug, epinephrine |
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which meds require a max limit of epinephrine? |
calcium channel blockers, nitrates, non selective beta blockers |