Pepk

Front 1

What is the hippocampus?

Back 1

The hippocampus is a major component of the brains of humans and other mammals. It belongs to the limbic system and plays major roles in long term memory and spatial navigation. Like the cerebral cortex, it is a paired structure, with mirror-image halves in the left and right sides of the brain. The hippocampus is closely associated with the cerebral cortex, and in primates is located in the medial temporal lobe, underneath the cortical surface. It is shaped like a curved tube, which in humans is convoluted in a way that reminded early anatomists of a seahorse. The name, in fact, derives from the Greek word for seahorse (Greek: ιππος, hippos = horse, καμπος, kampos = sea monster).

Front 2

What is the thalamus?

Back 2

The thalamus also plays an important role in regulating states of sleep and wakefulness.[4] Thalamic nuclei have strong reciprocal connections with the cerebral cortex, forming thalamo-cortico-thalamic circuits that are believed to be involved with consciousness. The thalamus plays a major role in regulating arousal, the level of awareness, and activity. Damage to the thalamus can lead to permanent coma.

Front 3

What is the hypothalamus?

Back 3

The hypothalamus is responsible for certain metabolic processes and other activities of the Autonomic Nervous System. It synthesizes and secretes neurohormones, often called hypothalamic-releasing hormones, and these in turn stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones. The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, [1] fatigue, and circadian cycles.

Front 4

What is the amygdala?

Back 4

Shown in research to perform a primary role in the processing and memory of emotional reactions, the amygdalae are considered part of the limbic system.

Front 5

What is the frontal cortex?

Back 5

The executive functions of the frontal lobes involve the ability to recognize future consequences resulting from current actions, to choose between good and bad actions (or better and best), override and suppress unacceptable social responses, and determine similarities and differences between things or events.Therefore, it is involved in higher mental functions.

Front 6

What is the occipital lobe?

Back 6

The occipital lobe is the visual processing center of the mammalian brain containing most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex.

Front 7

What is split brain?

Back 7

Split-brain is a lay term to describe the result when the corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres of the brain is severed to some degree. The surgical operation to produce this condition is called corpus callosotomy. It is performed rarely, usually as a last resort in otherwise intractable epilepsy: to mitigate the risk of accidental physical injury by reducing the severity and violence of epileptic seizures.

Front 8

What are the consequences of a split brain?

Back 8

A patient with a split brain, when shown an image in his or her left visual field (that is, the left half of what both eyes see), will be unable to name what he or she has seen. This is because the speech-control center is in the left side of the brain in most people, and the image from the left visual field is sent only to the right side of the brain. (Those with the speech control center in the right side will experience similar symptoms when an image is presented in the right visual field.) Since communication between the two sides of the brain is inhibited, the patient cannot name what the right side of the brain is seeing. The person can, however, pick up and show recognition of an object (one within the left overall visual field) with their left hand, since that hand is controlled by the right side of the brain.

Front 9

What is the function of dopamine?

Back 9

Dopamine affects movement, attention, learning and reinforcement.

Front 10

What is the function of seratonin?

Back 10

Seratonin affects mood, sleep, appetite, impulsivity and aggression.

Front 11

What is the function of monoamine oxidase?

Back 11

Because of the vital role that MAOs play in the inactivation of neurotransmitters, MAO dysfunction (too much or too little MAO activity) is thought to be responsible for a number of neurological disorders. For example, unusually high or low levels of MAOs in the body have been associated with depression, substance abuse, attention deficit disorder, migraines, and irregular sexual maturation. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are one of the major classes of drug prescribed for the treatment of depression, although they are last line treatment due to risk of the drug's interaction with diet or other drugs. Excessive levels of catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) may lead to a hypertensive crisis, and excessive levels of serotonin may lead to serotonin syndrome.

Front 12

The nervous system consists of the ______ and the ________.

Back 12

central nervous system
peripheral nervous system

Front 13

The central nervous system consists of the ______ and the ______.

Back 13

brain
spinal cord

Front 14

The peripheral nervous system is comprised of the ____ and ____.

Back 14

somatic system
autonomic system

Front 15

The autonomic system is divided into ____ and ____

Back 15

sympathetic system
parasypathetic system

Front 16

The cerebellum regulates _____

Back 16

muscle tone
posture
smooth muscle movements

Front 17

What is the motor cortex?

Back 17

Motor cortex is a term that describes regions of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary motor functions.

Front 18

What are heuristics?

Back 18

In psychology, heuristics are simple, efficient rules, hard-coded by evolutionary processes or learned, which have been proposed to explain how people make decisions, come to judgments, and solve problems, typically when facing complex problems or incomplete information. These rules work well under most circumstances, but in certain cases lead to systematic errors or cognitive biases. Heuristic theories in psychology motivate both proponents and opponents of the theory to pursue research related to it.

Front 19

What is an algorithm?

Back 19

In mathematics, computing, linguistics, and related disciplines, an algorithm is a procedure (a finite set of well-defined instructions) for accomplishing some task which, given an initial state, will terminate in a defined end-state

Front 20

What is a schema?

Back 20

A schema (pl. schemata), in psychology and cognitive science, is a mental structure that represents some aspect of the world. Schemata were initially introduced into psychology and education through the work of the British psychologist Sir Frederic Bartlett (1886–1969){{Bartlett, 1932[1]}}. This learning theory views organized knowledge as an elaborate network of abstract mental structures which represent one's understanding of the world. Schema theory was developed by the educational psychologist R. C. Anderson. The term schema was used by Jean Piaget in 1926, so it was not an entirely new concept. Anderson, however, expanded the meaning

Front 21

What is attribution theory?

Back 21

Attribution theory is a social psychology theory developed by Fritz Heider, Harold Kelley, Edward E. Jones, and Lee Ross.

The theory is concerned with the ways in which people explain (or attribute) the behavior of others or themselves (self-attribution) with something else. It explores how individuals "attribute" causes to events and how this cognitive perception affects their usefulness in an organization.

Front 22

Name 2 attributions

Back 22

situational - fail test "The test was unfair"
dispositional - fail test: "I am no good in school."

Front 23

What are Freud's psychosexual stages?

Back 23

oral (0-18 months)
anal (18-24 months)
phallic (2-4)
latency
genital

Front 24

Describe Freud's oral phase

Back 24

From birth to approx. 18months the child is in the oral stage. Here they are primarily focused on the mouth and lips this includes sucking and feeding. If the child feels frustration due to feeding being restricted or late they can become fixated on this stage. In adulthood this can develop into pessimism, envy, suspicion and sarchasm. If food is given too readily and overindulgence occurs the fixation can result in optimism, gullibility, and admiration for others in later life. In both cases the adult oral character can often find themselves eating or drinking excessively, thumb sucking or even smoking as a release for their oral energy.

Front 25

Describe Freud's anal phase.

Back 25

From 18months to 24months the child is in the anal stage. In this stage they are learning to control the expulsion of feces so the libidinal energy is focused in the anal passage. There are two types of anal fixation, Explosive and Retentive. The explosive character would have been prone to malicious excretion either just before they were placed on the toilet or just after they were removed from the toilet. In this case the explosive characters can develop if the parents are too lax with discipline. In adulthood it can result in messy or disorganized people who are reckless, careless, and defiant. The retentive character takes pleasure in holding in the feces in spite of the parents training. These people develop into neat, organized, careful, meticulous, obstinate people often mean with money who are passive-aggressive.

This stage has significant effects on the future views of authority.

Front 26

Describe Freud's phallic phase.

Back 26

At 24months to about 48months the libidal energy shifts from the anal region to the genital region. This is where the Oedipus or Electra complex is developed. The young boy falls in love with his mother and wishes that his father was not in the way of his love (the Oedipus Complex). At this point he notices that women have no penis and fears that the punishment of his father for being in love with his wife, may be castration. This fear is enhanced if he is shouted at for masturbation at this stage. Once the fear of retaliation has subsided the boy will learn to earn his mother's love vicariously by becoming as much like his father as possible. This is where the super-ego stems from. He will adopt his father's beliefs and ideals as his own and move on to the latency stage.

Front 27

Describe Freud's latency phase.

Back 27

The latency stage lasts from the end of the phallic stage until puberty. This is not actually a psychosexual stage it is where the libido lies dormant allowing the child to develop same sex friendships as well as school, and athletics. It is the ultimate in sexual repression.

Front 28

Describe Freud's Genital phase.

Back 28

The genital stage starts at puberty allowing the child to develop opposite sex relationships with the libidal energy again focused on the genital area. According to Freud if any of the stages are fixated on, these is not enough libidal energy for this stage to develop untroubled. To have a fully functional adulthood the previous stages need to be fully resolved and there needs to be a balance between love and work.

Front 29

What are the 4 phases of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Back 29

sensorimotor (0-2)
preoperational (2-6)
concrete operational (6-12)
formal operational (12-on)

Front 30

Describe Piaget's sensorimotor period.

Back 30

Infants gain an understanding of the world through their 5 senses and their motor activities.Object permanence is the term used to describe the awareness that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible.

Jean Piaget conducted experiments with infants which led him to conclude that this awareness was typically achieved at eight to nine months of age, during the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development. Such experiments consisted of behavioral tests with infant subjects. The infant would be shown a desirable object or toy, for example, and the toy would then be covered by a blanket or otherwise obscured from view while the infant was watching. Some of the infant subjects would immediately exhibit signs of confusion or dismay. Piaget interpreted these behavioral signs as evidence of a belief that the object had somehow 'vanished' or simply ceased to exist.

Piaget concluded that some infants were too young to understand object permanence, which would tend to explain why they do not cry when their mothers were gone ("out of sight, out of mind").[1] A lack of object permanence can lead to A-not-B errors, where children reach for a thing at a place where it should not be.

Front 31

Describe Piaget's preoperational phase.

Back 31

symbolic function - one thing can represent another
egocentrism-everyone sees what they see, etc

Front 32

Describe Piaget's concrete phase.

Back 32

conservation-matter remains the same
reversibility

Front 33

Describe Piaget's Formal Operational Phase.

Back 33

It is characterized by acquisition of the ability to think abstractly, reason logically and draw conclusions from the information available, as well as apply all these processes to hypothetical situations. During this stage the young adult is able to understand such things as love, "shades of gray", logical proofs, and values.

Front 34

Name Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development.

Back 34

Pre-Conventional
Conventional
Post-Conventional

Front 35

What are the 2 stages of pre-conventional moral development?

Back 35

stage 1 - avoid punishment
stage 2 - gain reward

Front 36

What are the 2 stages of conventional morality?

Back 36

stage 3 - please help and be approved by others
stage 4 - authority and social order

Front 37

What are the 2 stages of postconventional morality?

Back 37

stage 5 - laws should protect both society & individual. If not, law should be changed.

stage 6 -universal principles. following conscience may violate a law.

Front 38

Name Erikson's psychosocial phases.

Back 38

1 Basic trust v mistrust (0-1.5)
2 autonomy v doubt&shame (1.5-3)
3 initiative v guilt (3-6)
4 industry v inferiority (6-12)
5 identity v role confusion (12-20)
6 intimacy v isolation (20-40)
7 generativity v stagnation (40-65)
8 integrity v dispair (65+)

Front 39

What is the main question asked during Erikson's basic trust v mistrust?

Back 39

Is my environment trustworthy or not?

Front 40

What is the central task of trust v mistrust?

Back 40

receiving care

Front 41

What is the potential positive outcome of trust v mistrust?

Back 41

trust in people and the environment

Front 42

What is the ego quality of trust v mistrust?

Back 42

hope

Front 43

What is the definition of trust v mistrust?

Back 43

Enduring belief that one can attain one's deep and essential wishes

Front 44

What are the developmental tasks of trust v mistrust?

Back 44

social attachment
maturation of sensory, perception and primitive causality

Front 45

What is the significant relationship of trust v mistrust?

Back 45

maternal parent

Front 46

What is the ego quality of autonomy v doubt?

Back 46

will

Front 47

What is the ego quality of initiative v guilt?

Back 47

purpose

Front 48

What is the ego quality of industry v inferiority?

Back 48

competence

Front 49

What is the main question of idenity v role confusion?

Back 49

Who am I?

Front 50

What is the ego quality of identify v role confusion?

Back 50

fidelity

Front 51

What is the main question of intimacy v isolation?

Back 51

Am I loved and wanted?

Front 52

What is the ego quality of intimacy v isolation?

Back 52

love

Front 53

What is the ego quality of generativity v stagnation?

Back 53

care

Front 54

What is the ego quality of integrity v dispair?

Back 54

wisdom

Front 55

What is the central task of autonomy v shame?

Back 55

imitation

Front 56

What is the name of Hans Eysenck's theory of personality?

Back 56

PEN
P=psychoticism
E=extraversion
N=neuroticism

Front 57

Who developed the P-E-N theory of personality?

Back 57

Hans Eysenck

Front 58

What are the Big Five Dimensions of personality?

Back 58

Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

Front 59

What theory is George Allport known for?

Back 59

Trait Theory

Front 60

Who developed trait theory of personality?

Back 60

George Allport

Front 61

What are the 3 parts of George Allport's trait theory?

Back 61

cardinal trait
central trait
secondary trait

Front 62

What is Allport's cardinal trait?

Back 62

This is the trait that dominates and shapes a person's behavior. These are rare as most people lack a single theme that shapes their lives.

Front 63

What is Allport's central trait?

Back 63

This is a general characteristic found in some degree in every person. These are the basic building blocks that shape most of our behavior although they are not as overwhelming as cardinal traits. An example of a central trait would be honesty.

Front 64

What is Allport's secondary trait?

Back 64

These are characteristics seen only in certain circumstances (such as particular likes or dislikes that a very close friend may know). They must be included to provide a complete picture of human complexity.

Front 65

What theory did Alfred Adler develop?

Back 65

Individual Psychology

Front 66

Who developed Individual Psychology?

Back 66

Alfred Adler

Front 67

What ideas are Alfred Adler known for?

Back 67

inferiority complex

Front 68

Inferiority complex belongs to what theory of personality?

Back 68

Individual Psychology

Front 69

Inferiority complex is associated with what psychologist?

Back 69

Alfred Adler

Front 70

Who talked about the creative self?

Back 70

Alfred Adler

Front 71

What is Adler's creative self?

Back 71

The concept of the creative self places the responsibility for the individual's personality into his own hands. The Adlerian practitioner sees the individual as responsible for himself, he attempts to show the person that he cannot blame others or uncontrollable forces for his current condition.

Front 72

What is Julian Rotter known for?

Back 72

locus of control

Front 73

Who developed the theory of locus of control?

Back 73

Julian Rotter

Front 74

What are the 2 kinds of locus of control?

Back 74

internal locus of control
external locus of control

Front 75

Describe internal locus of control.

Back 75

The individual is in control of her behavior and its consequences

Front 76

Describe external locus of control

Back 76

Individuals see fate, luck and chance in control of their behavior and their consequences

Front 77

What did Albert Bandura develop?

Back 77

social cognitive theory

Front 78

Self-efficacy is associated with which psychologist?

Back 78

Albert Bandura

Front 79

Describe high self-efficacy

Back 79

approach new situations confidently
set high goals
persist in efforts because they think they're likely to succeed

Front 80

Describe low self-efficacy

Back 80

expect failure
avoid challenges
give up on tasks found difficult
depression likely

Front 81

Name 2 humanistic psychologists.

Back 81

Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers

Front 82

Abraham Maslow associated with what school of psychology?

Back 82

humanistic

Front 83

Carl Rogers associated with what school of psychology?

Back 83

humanistic

Front 84

What talked about conditions of worth?

Back 84

Carl Rogers

Front 85

What are Carl Rogers 3 requirements for a therapist?

Back 85

congruence
empathy
respect

Front 86

What is Carl Roger's definition of congruence?

Back 86

genuineness and honesty with client

Front 87

How does Carl Rogers describe empathy?

Back 87

the ability to feel what the client feels

Front 88

How does Carl Rogers describe respect?

Back 88

acceptance
unconditional positive regard

Front 89

Which psychologist theorized a therapist needs to show congruence, empathy and respect to a client?

Back 89

Carl Rogers

Front 90

What did Carl Rogers say is necessary and suffiicent in the therapeutic relationship?

Back 90

congruence
empathy
respect

Front 91

What is Raymond Cattel known for?

Back 91

16PF - 16 personality factors test

Front 92

What is an empirically validated treatment for panic disorder, both with and without agoraphobia?

Back 92

cognitive behavior therapy

Front 93

What is an emp val tx for gen anx dis?

Back 93

cognitive behavioral therapy

Front 94

Name 3 disorders that cognitive behavioral therapy is a EmpValTx for.

Back 94

panic dis w or w/o agora
gen anx dis
bulemia

Front 95

What is an emp val tx for agoraphobia?

Back 95

exposure treatment

Front 96

What are emp val tx for specific phobias?

Back 96

exposure/guided mastery

Front 97

What are emp val tx for Obs Comp Dis?

Back 97

exposure and response prevention

Front 98

what are 3 disorders whose well established emp val tx is exposure treatment?

Back 98

agoraphobia
specific phobia
obs comp dis

Front 99

what is an emp val tx for coping w/ stessors?

Back 99

stress inoculation training

Front 100

Name 3 emp val tx for depression

Back 100

behavior therapy
cognitive therapy
interpersonal therapy

Front 101

What is an emp val tx for headache?

Back 101

behavior therapy

Front 102

What 2 problems is behavior therapy an emp val tx for?

Back 102

depression
headache

Front 103

What is a emp val tx for bulemia?

Back 103

cognitive-behavioral therapy

Front 104

Behavior modification has been emp validated for what disorder?

Back 104

enuresis

Front 105

What is a well established emp val tx for enuresis?

Back 105

behavior modification

Front 106

What is an emp val tx for oppositional behavior?

Back 106

parent training programs

Front 107

Parent training programs are emp val (well established) for what?

Back 107

oppositional behavior

Front 108

A well established emp val tx for marital discord is _____

Back 108

behavioral marital therapy

Front 109

Applied relaxation is a probably efficacious treatment for what 2 disorders?

Back 109

panic disorder
gen anx dis

Front 110

What is a probably eff treatment for panic disorder?

Back 110

applied relaxation

Front 111

What is a probably efficacious treat for panic disorder?

Back 111

applied relaxation

Front 112

Cognitive behav therapy is probably efficacious for what?

Back 112

social phobia

Front 113

________ is probably efficacious for social phobia.

Back 113

cognitive behavioral therapy

Front 114

What treatment is probably efficacious for OCD?

Back 114

cognitive therapy

Front 115

Cognitive therapy is a well established treatment for ______ and probably efficacious for _______

Back 115

depression
OCD

Front 116

_______ is probably efficacious for civilian PTSD

Back 116

EMDR

Front 117

EMDR is probably efficacious for _______

Back 117

civilian PTSD

Front 118

Exposure treatment is probably efficacious for what 2 disorders?

Back 118

PTSD
social phobia

Front 119

__ is prob efficacious for PTSD

Back 119

exposure treatment

Front 120

______ is prob eff tx for soical phobia

Back 120

exposure treatment

Front 121

Exposure treatment is well established to treat ___, ___, and ___ and probably efficacious with ____ and ___

Back 121

agoraphobia, specific phobia and OCD
PTSD and social phobia

Front 122

Stress inoculation training is probably efficacious with ___

Back 122

PTSD

Front 123

What is probably efficacious in treating PTSD?

Back 123

exposure treatment
EMDR for civilian PTSD
stress inoculation

Front 124

Stress Inoculation Training is well-established in treating ____ and probably efficacious for ______

Back 124

coping with stressors
PTSD

Front 125

Systematic desensitization is probably efficacious in treating what 3 disorders?

Back 125

animal phobia
public speaking anxiety
social anxiety

Front 126

What is probably efficacious in treating animal phobia?

Back 126

systematic desensitization

Front 127

What is probably efficacious in treating public speaking anxiety?

Back 127

systematic desensitization

Front 128

What is probably efficacious in treating social anxiety?

Back 128

systematic desensitization

Front 129

Where are neurotransmitters stored?

Back 129

In synaptic vesicles

Front 130

What are synaptic vesicles?

Back 130

They store neurotransmitters

Front 131

Name 3 types of neurons.

Back 131

1 afferent (senses)
2 efferent (motor)
3 interneurons

Front 132

What are afferent neurons?

Back 132

Afferent neurons are sensory neurons, and relay information from the senses to the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system).

Front 133

What are efferent neurons?

Back 133

Efferent neurons are motor neurons that relay information from the CNS(brain & spinal cord) to the glans and muscles.

Front 134

What are interneurons?

Back 134

Interneurons carry information between neurons. Interneuron cell bodies are always located in the CNS.

Front 135

What is a myelin shealth?

Back 135

The myelin sheath surrounds the axon of a neuron and is made of myelin, an electrically-insulating material.

Front 136

What are the major lobes of the cerebral cortex?

Back 136

frontal (motor)
parietal (integrate sensory info)
occipital (vision)
temporal (hearing)

Front 137

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

Back 137

motor control

Front 138

What lobe controls motor skills?

Back 138

frontal lobe

Front 139

What is a function of the parietal lobe?

Back 139

integrates sensory information

Front 140

What lobe integrates sensory information?

Back 140

parietal lobe

Front 141

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

Back 141

vision

Front 142

What lobe deals with vision?

Back 142

occipital

Front 143

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

Back 143

hearing

Front 144

What lobe is involved in hearing?

Back 144

temporal

Front 145

Define Stress Inoculation Training (SIT).

Back 145

SIT is a flexible individually-tailored multifaceted form of cognitive behavioral therapy. An overlapping three stage intervention is employed: conceptualization, skills acquisition and rehearsal and finally application and follow through.

Front 146

Describe the conceptualization phase of SIT.

Back 146

In the initial conceptualization phase a collaborative relationship is established between the clients and the therapist (trainer). A Socratic-type exchange is used to educate clients about the nature and impact of stress and the role of both appraisal processes and the transactional nature of stress (i.e., how clients may inadvertently, unwittingly, and perhaps, even unknowingly, exacerbate the level of stress they experience). Clients are encouraged to view perceived threats and provocations as problems-to-be-solved and to identify those aspects of their situations and reactions that are potentially changeable and those aspects that are not changeable. They are taught how to "fit" either problem-focus or emotion-focus to the perceived demands of the stressful situation (e.g., see Folkman et al., 1991). The clients are taught how to breakdown global stressors into specific short-term, intermediate and long-term coping goals.

As a result of interviewing, psychological testing, client self-monitoring, and reading materials, the clients' stress response is reconceptualized as being made-up of different components that go through predictable phases of preparing, building up, confronting, and reflecting upon their reactions to stressors. The specific reconceptualization that is offered is individually-tailored to the client's specific presenting problem (e.g. anxiety, anger, physical pain, etc.). As a result of a collaborative process a more hopeful and helpful model is formulated; a model that lends itself to specific intervention.

Front 147

Describe the skills acquisition and rehearsal phase of SIT.

Back 147

The second phase of SIT focuses on skills acquisition and rehearsal that follows naturally from the initial conceptualization phase. The coping skills that are taught and practiced primarily in the clinic or training setting and then gradually rehearsed in vivo are tailored to the specific stressors clients may have to deal with (e.g., chronic illness, traumatic stressors, job stress, surgery, sports competition, military combat, etc.). The specific coping skills may include emotional self-regulation, self-soothing and acceptance, relaxation training, self-instructional training, cognitive restructuring, problem-solving, interpersonal communication skills training, attention diversion procedures, using social support systems and fostering meaning-related activities.

Front 148

Describe the application and follow through phase of SIT.

Back 148

The final phase of application and follow through provides opportunities for the clients to apply the variety of coping skills across increasing levels of stressors (inoculation concept as used in medical immunization or in social psychology to prepare individuals to resist the impact of persuasive messages). Such techniques as imagery and behavioral rehearsal, modeling, role playing, and graded in vivo exposure in the form of "personal experiments" are employed. In order to further consolidate these skills individuals may even be asked to help others with similar problems (Fremouw & Harinatz, 1975; Meichenbaum, 1994). Relapse prevention procedures (i.e., identifying high risk situations, warning signs, and ways to coping with lapses), attribution procedures (i.e., ensuring clients take credit for and appropriate ownership by putting into their own words the changes that have taken place), and follow-through (i.e., booster sessions) are built into SIT.

Front 149

Define systematic desensitiization.

Back 149

A behavioral therapy technique in which a client is taught to prevent the arousal of anxiety by confronting the feared stimulus while relaxed.

Front 150

What is the absolute threshold?

Back 150

An absolute threshold is the smallest detectable level of a stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time.

Front 151

The smallest detectable level of a stimulus is _________.

Back 151

absolute threshold

Front 152

What is a difference threshold?

Back 152

the smallest increase or decrease required to produce a difference in sensation that is noticeable 50 % of the time.

Front 153

The smallest change in a stimulus that can be noticed is _______

Back 153

difference threshold
just noticeable difference

Front 154

What is Weber's Law?

Back 154

states that jnd based on a percentage or proportion of stimulus change instead of a fixed amount of change.

Front 155

What is transduction?

Back 155

the process through which sensory receptors convert the sensory stimulation into electrochemical neural impulses.

Front 156

The process through which sensory receptors convert the sensory stimulation into electrochemical neural impulses is _______.

Back 156

transduction

Front 157

The process in which sensory receptors grow accustomed to constant, unchanging levels of stimuli over time is _______.

Back 157

sensory adaptation

Front 158

What is sensory adaptation?

Back 158

the process by which sensory receptors grow accustomed to constant, unchanging levels of stimuli over time.

Front 159

What is the visible spectrum?

Back 159

the band of electromagnetic waves visible to the human eye

Front 160

The band of electromagnetic waves visible to the human eye is the _______.

Back 160

visible spectrum

Front 161

What is wavelength?

Back 161

the distance from the peak of a light wave to the peak of the next wave

Front 162

The distance from the peak of a light wave to the peak of the next wave is defined as _______.

Back 162

wavelength

Front 163

What is the cornea?

Back 163

A tough, transparent, protective layer covering the iris, pupil and anterior chamber.

Front 164

What is the tough, transparent, protective layer of the eye that covers the iris, pupil and the anterior chamber?

Back 164

cornea

Front 165

What is the iris?

Back 165

The iris is a membrane in the eye that regulates the amount of light that reaches the retina.

Front 166

The membrane in the eye, responsible for regulating the amount of light reaching the retina is the _____.

Back 166

iris

Front 167

What is the pupil?

Back 167

The pupil is the sphere that is located in the center of the iris of the eye and controls the amount of light that enters the eye.

Front 168

The sphere located in the center of the iris of the eye that controls the amount of light entering the eye is the _____

Back 168

pupil

Front 169

What is the anterior chamber?

Back 169

The anterior chamber is the fluid-filled space inside the eye between the iris and the cornea's innermost surface, the endothelium. Aqueous humor is the fluid that fills the anterior chamber.

Front 170

The fluid-filled space between the iris and the cornea is the _______.

Back 170

anterior chamber

Front 171

What is the lens?

Back 171

transparent disk-shaped structure behind the iris and pupil. It changes shape while focusing on an object.

Front 172

The transparent disk-shaped structure behind the iris and pupil is the ____.

Back 172

lens

Front 173

What are rods?

Back 173

light sensitive receptor cells in the retina. They look like slender cylinders and allows the eye to respond to low light.

Front 174

Light sensitive receptor cells in the retina that look like slender cylinders are ______.

Back 174

rods

Front 175

What are cones?

Back 175

light sensitive receptor cells in the retina that allow humans to perceive color and fine detail.

Front 176

Light sensitive receptor cells in the retina that enable humans to perceive color and fine detail are the ____.

Back 176

cones

Front 177

What is the fovea?

Back 177

a small center area of the retina that provides clearest and sharpest vision. It has the largest concentration of cones.

Front 178

What is the area of the retina that has the largest concentration of cones?

Back 178

fovea

Front 179

What is the blind spot?

Back 179

point in each retina with no rods and cones

Front 180

The point in each retina with no rods and cones is the _______.

Back 180

blind spot

Front 181

What is the function of the optic nerve?

Back 181

carries visual information from the retina to both sides of the brain.

Front 182

The _______ carries visual information from the retina to both sides of the brain.

Back 182

optic nerve

Front 183

What is the primary visual cortex?

Back 183

part of the brain that processes visual information

Front 184

The part of the brain that processes visual information is the _____.

Back 184

primary visual cortex

Front 185

What is hue?

Back 185

the specific color perceived, like red, blue, yellow, etc

Front 186

What is saturation?

Back 186

the purity of the color

Front 187

The purity of a color is ______.

Back 187

saturation

Front 188

What is brightness?

Back 188

the intensity of the light energy that is perceived

Front 189

The intensity of the light energy that is perceived is _____.

Back 189

brightness

Front 190

What is the trichromatic theory of color?

Back 190

Three types of cones in the retina each make a maximal chemical response to one of three colors: blue, green and red.

Front 191

What is the opponent-process theory of color vision?

Back 191

Three kinds of cells respond by increasing or decreasing their rate of firing when different colors are present. The types of cells are red/green, yellow/blue and white/black.

Front 192

What is frequency?

Back 192

the number of cycles completed by a sound wave in 1 second, measure in hertz.

Front 193

The number of cycles completed by a sound wave in 1 second is ____.

Back 193

frequency

Front 194

What is amplitude?

Back 194

the loudness of sound, measured in decibels

Front 195

Frequency is measured in ____ and amplitude is measured in ____.

Back 195

Hertz
decibels

Front 196

_______ is measured in Hertz and ____ is measured in decibels.

Back 196

frequency
amplitude

Front 197

What is timbre?

Back 197

the distinctive qualities of a sound. For instance, a trumpet and violin sound different even when playing the same note.

Front 198

What are the parts of the ear?

Back 198

outer ear
middle ear
inner ear

Front 199

What are the parts of the outer ear?

Back 199

pinna
auditory canal

Front 200

What is the purpose of the pinna?

Back 200

collect sound. It does so by acting as a funnel, amplifying the sound and directing it to the ear canal.

Front 201

The purpose of the ____ is to collect sound.

Back 201

pinna

Front 202

What is the auditory canal?

Back 202

The ear canal is a tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum.

Front 203

The _____ is a tube running from the outer ear (pinna) to the middle ear (eardrum).

Back 203

auditory (ear) canal

Front 204

What is the eardrum?

Back 204

The eardrum, or tympanic membrane, is a thin membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear.

Front 205

The ____ is a thin membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear.

Back 205

eardrum (tympanic membrane)

Front 206

What is the function of the eardrum?

Back 206

Its function is to transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear.

Front 207

Name the 3 ossicles.

Back 207

malleus (hammer)
incus (anvil)
stapes (stirrup)

Front 208

What is the cochlea?

Back 208

The fluid filled snail shaped bony chamber in the inner ear. It contains the basilar membrane and hair cells.

Front 209

What are hair cells?

Back 209

sound receptors inside inner ear

Front 210

The sound receptors inside the inner ear are _____.

Back 210

hair cells

Front 211

Describe place therory.

Back 211

Place theory is a theory of hearing which states that our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane.

Front 212

What is the theory of hearing which states that our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane?

Back 212

place theory

Front 213

What is olfaction?

Back 213

the sense of smell

Front 214

The sense of smell is called ____.

Back 214

olfaction

Front 215

What are the olfactory epithelium?

Back 215

2 1-inch square patches of tissue at the top of each nasal cavity

Front 216

Name the 2 1-inch square patches of tissue at the top of each nasal cavity

Back 216

olfactory epithelium

Front 217

What is the function of the olfactory bulbs?

Back 217

The olfactory bulb transmits smell information from the nose to the brain.

Front 218

What is gustation?

Back 218

sense of taste

Front 219

____ is the sense of taste.

Back 219

gustation

Front 220

What are the basic tastes?

Back 220

sweet
sour
salty
bitter
umani

Front 221

What are papillae?

Back 221

small bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds

Front 222

Small bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds are ______.

Back 222

papillae

Front 223

_______ allows sensation of where and how hard you have been touched.

Back 223

somatosensory cortex

Front 224

What is the function of the somatosensory cortex?

Back 224

allows sensations of where and how hard you have been touched

Front 225

What is the basic question of the two-point threshold test?

Back 225

How far apart do two separate points need to be before they are perceived as two points rather than one?

Front 226

Our perception of pain is influenced by...

Back 226

psychological factors
culture
endorphins

Front 227

The body's own natural pain killers that block pain and produce a feeling of well-being are _____

Back 227

endorphins

Front 228

What are endorphins?

Back 228

the body's own natural pain killers that block pain and produce a feeling of well-being

Front 229

Where are endorphins produced?

Back 229

by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus

Front 230

What is produced during strenuous exercise, excitement, pain and orgasm?

Back 230

endorphins

Front 231

Endorphins are produced during what activities?

Back 231

strenuous exercise
excitement
pain
orgasm

Front 232

______ provides information about the position of body parts in relation to each other and the movement of the entire body or its parts

Back 232

kinesthetic sense

Front 233

What is kinesthetic sense?

Back 233

provides information about the position of body parts in relation to each other and the movement of the entire body or its parts

Front 234

What is vestibular sense?

Back 234

detects movement and the body's orientation in space

Front 235

____ detects movement and the body's orientation in space.

Back 235

vestibular sense

Front 236

What are the semicircular canals?

Back 236

3 fluid filled tubular canals in the inner ear. They sense the rotation of the head.

Front 237

3 fluid filled tubular canals in the inner ear are the ______

Back 237

semicircular canals

Front 238

Explain Gestalt Psychology.

Back 238

a theory of mind and brain that proposes that the operational principle of the brain is holistic, parallel and analog with self-organizing tendencies. In other words, the whole is different from the sum of its parts.

Front 239

What are the Gestalt laws?

Back 239

law of closure
law of similarity
law of proximity
law of symmetry
law of continuity
law of common fate

Front 240

What theory of mind and brain implies that the sum is different from the sum of its parts?

Back 240

Gestalt Psychology

Front 241

Describe the Gestalt law of similarity.

Back 241

objects that have similar characteristics are grouped togehter

Front 242

Objects that have similar characteristics are grouped together is a description of what?

Back 242

The Gestalt Law of Similarity.

Front 243

Describe the Gestalt Law of Proximity.

Back 243

objects that are close together are perceived as belonging together

Front 244

_____ states that objects that are close together are perceived as belonging together.

Back 244

The gestalt Law of Proximity

Front 245

Describe the Gestalt Law of Continuity.

Back 245

figures or objects are perceived as belonging together if they appear to form a continuous pattern.

Front 246

_______ staes that figures or objects are perceived as belonging together if they appear to form a continuous pattern.

Back 246

The Gestalt Law of Continuity

Front 247

What is the Gestalt Law of Closure?

Back 247

figures with gaps in them are perceived as complete

Front 248

_______ states figures with gaps in them are perceived as complete.

Back 248

The Gestalt Law of Closure

Front 249

What is the Gestalt Law of Symmetry?

Back 249

symmetrical images are perceived collectively, even in spite of distance (figure ground relationships)

Front 250

What is size constancy?

Back 250

as objects move away they seem to maintain the same size

Front 251

What is brightness constancy?

Back 251

objects seem to maintain a constant level of brightness regardless of differences in lighting conditions

Front 252

What is shape constancy?

Back 252

objects are perceived as having an unchanging shape regardless of viewing angle changes that alter the retinal image

Front 253

name binocular depth cues.

Back 253

stereopsis
convergence

Front 254

Name monocular depth cues.

Back 254

interposition
linear perspective
relative size
texture gradient
atmospheric perspective
shadow or shading
motion parallax

Front 255

What are the stages of remembering?

Back 255

encoding
storage
retrieval

Front 256

What is encoding?

Back 256

transferring information into a form that can be stored in memory.

Front 257

_______ is transferring information into a form that can be stored in memory

Back 257

encoding

Front 258

What is storage?

Back 258

the process of keeping or maintaining information in memory

Front 259

The process of keeping or maintaining information in memory is _____.

Back 259

storage

Front 260

What is retrieval?

Back 260

bringing to mind information stored in memory

Front 261

______ is bringing to mind information stored in memory.

Back 261

retrieval

Front 262

What is the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

Back 262

a psychological model about the structure of memory.

Front 263

What are the memory systems of the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model?

Back 263

sensory memory
short-term memory
long-term memory

Front 264

What is displacement in regards to memory?

Back 264

when short-term memory is filled to capacity, new items push out existing items.

Front 265

Purposely repeating information to maintain it in short-term memory is _____.

Back 265

rehearsal

Front 266

What kinds of rehearsal are there?

Back 266

maintenance rehearsal
elaborative rehearsal

Front 267

What is maintenance rehearsal?

Back 267

repeating information over and over again until it is no longer needed

Front 268

What is elaborative rehearsal?

Back 268

a memory strategy that involves relating new information to something that is already known

Front 269

What are the divisions of long-term memory?

Back 269

declarative memory
procedural (nondeclarative) memory

Front 270

What are the divisions of declarative memory, which is part of long-term memory?

Back 270

episodic memory
semantic memory

Front 271

What is episodic memory?

Back 271

records events as they have been subjectively experienced

Front 272

The record of events as they have been subjectively experienced is ___.

Back 272

episodic memory, which is part of declarative memory, which is part of long-term memory

Front 273

What is semantic memory?

Back 273

stores general knowledge or objective facts and information

Front 274

______ stores general knowledge or objective facts and information

Back 274

semantic memory

Front 275

What is nondeclarative memory?

Back 275

stores motor skills, habits and simple clasically conditioned responses.

Front 276

______ stores motor skills, habits, and simple clasically conditioned responses.

Back 276

nondeclarative memory

Front 277

Name memory tasks

Back 277

recall
recognition
relearning

Front 278

What is the serial position effect?

Back 278

recall is better for items at the end and beginning of a sequence than for middle items

Front 279

What is the primacy effect?

Back 279

tendency to recall the first items in a sequence more readily than middle items

Front 280

What is the recency effect?

Back 280

tendency to recall last items in a sequence more readily than the middle

Front 281

What is method of loci?

Back 281

A memorization technique in which you use locations in a familiar building and place the items you want to remember in certain set locations.

Front 282

What is a peg system of memorization?

Back 282

Memorize pegwords ahead of time to use in memorizing a list of word; ex: one bun, two shoe, three tree. place 1st item in bun, 2nd item in a shoe, etc

Front 283

Describe naive idealism.

Back 283

a type of thought in which adolescents construct ideal solutions for problems. Example: a teen with divorced parents may idealize the non-custodial parent.

Front 284

In Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, ______ during the ______ is a type of thought in which adolescents construct ideal solutions for problems.

Back 284

naive idealism
formal operational phase

Front 285

Name types of social thinking that define adolescent egocentrism.

Back 285

imaginary audience
personal fable

Front 286

Describe imaginary audience.

Back 286

A belief of adolescents that they are or will be the focus of attention in social situations and that others will be as critical or approving as they are of themselves.

Front 287

_______ is a belief of adolescent that they are or will be the focus of attention in social situations and that others will be as critical or approving of them as they are of themselves. This is during the _____ phase of Piaget's _____.

Back 287

imaginary audience
formal operational
Cognitive Development Theory

Front 288

An exaggerated sense of personal uniqueness and indestructibility is called _____ in the ___ phase of _____'s Theory of Cognitive Development.

Back 288

personal fable
formal operational
Piaget

Front 289

Describe personal fable.

Back 289

an exaggerated sense of personal uniqueness and indestructibility. It is part of the formal operational phase of Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development.

Front 290

What is the significance of Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California?

Back 290

psychologists have a "duty to warn" a person who has been threatened by a patient in a session.

Front 291

What famous case charged mental health professionals with a "duty to warn"and "... the confidential character of patient-psychotherapist communications must yield to the extent that disclosure is essential to avert danger to others. The protective privilege ends where the public peril begins."?

Back 291

Tarasoff v Regents of the University of California

Front 292

Who was Prosenjit Poddar?

Back 292

he murdered Tatiana Tarasoff after he told his therapist Dr. Lawrence Moore he was planning to.

Front 293

Who killed Tatiana Tarasoff?

Back 293

Prosenjit Poddar

Front 294

Who treated Prosenjit Poddar?

Back 294

Dr. Lawrence Moore

Front 295

Mental Retardation is defined as having an IQ below ____.

Back 295

70, but also deficits in adaptive behaviors occuring before age 18.

Front 296

Having an IQ from 70-79 is considered ______.

Back 296

borderline intellectual functioning

Front 297

Mild MR is considered an IQ between ___

Back 297

50-69

Front 298

An IQ below 20 is called ______

Back 298

profound mental retardation

Front 299

What is autism?

Back 299

a brain development disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior.

Front 300

A brain development disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior is _____.

Back 300

autism

Front 301

What is Asperger Syndrome?

Back 301

an autism spectrum disorder. People with AS show significant difficulties in social interaction and restricted, stereotyped patterns of behavior.

Front 302

What is PDD-NOS?

Back 302

Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified. It is an autism spectrum disorder.

Front 303

What are the main forms of ASD?

Back 303

autism
Asperger Syndrome
PDD-NOS

Front 304

What is spina bifida?

Back 304

developmental birth defect involving the neural tube

Front 305

What is PKU?

Back 305

phenylketonuria. An autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH).

Front 306

What is muscular dystrophy?

Back 306

MD refers to a group of genetic, hereditary muscle diseases that weaken the muscles that move the human body.

Front 307

Beck's cognitive therapy is a well-established treatment for _____

Back 307

depression

Front 308

Well-established treatments for depression are

Back 308

Beck's Cognitive Therapy
Klerman and Weissman's interpersonal therapy

Front 309

Behavior Modification is a well-established treatment for ____ and probably efficacious for

Back 309

developmentally disabled individuals
enuresis
encopresis
sex offenders

Front 310

A well-estab tx for dev dis is ___

Back 310

behavior modification

Front 311

A well esab tx for enuresis is

Back 311

behavior modification

Front 312

A well-estab tx for encopresis is ___

Back 312

behavior modification

Front 313

A prob efficacious tx for sex offenders is...

Back 313

behavior mod

Front 314

Behavior therapy is well-estab tx for

Back 314

headache
irritable bowel syndrome
female orgasmic dysfunction
male erectile dysfunction

Front 315

A well-estab tx for headache is ____

Back 315

behavior therapy

Front 316

A well-estab tx for female orgasmic dysfunction is

Back 316

behavior therapy

Front 317

well-estab tx for IBS

Back 317

behavior tx

Front 318

well-estab tx for male erectile dysfunction

Back 318

behavior therapy

Front 319

Cognitive behavioral therapy is well-established in treating...

Back 319

chronic pain
panic disorder w/ or w/o agoraphobia
generalized anxiety disorder

Front 320

A well-estab tx for chronic pain is..

Back 320

CBT

Front 321

A well-established treatment for panic disorder is ___ and a probably-efficacious treatment is ____

Back 321

CBT
applied relaxation

Front 322

well-estab for GAD?

Back 322

CBT

Front 323

Exposure treatment is a well-established treatment for

Back 323

agoraphobia
social phobia
simple phobia
PTSD

Front 324

A well-established tx for schizophrenia is...

Back 324

family education programs

Front 325

Well-established treatments for social phobia are

Back 325

exposure treatment
group cognitive behavioral therapy

Front 326

well-estab tx for OCD

Back 326

exposure and response prevention

Front 327

A well-established treatment for bulemia is

Back 327

interpersonal therapy

Front 328

A well-established treatment for use with children with oppositional behavior is..

Back 328

parent training programs

Front 329

A well-estab tx for simple phobia is>>>

Back 329

systematic desensitization

Front 330

A probably-efficacious treatment for Borderline PD is ___

Back 330

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

Front 331

Dialectical Behavior Therapy is probably efficacious with ____

Back 331

Borderline Personality Disorder