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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does abrasion mean? |
An injury caused by rubbing or scraping that results in the loss of the superficial layer of skin |
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What does angiogenesis mean? |
The process of forming new blood vessels. Occurs in the granulation phase of healing in wound repair. Or in cancer when cancer cells stimulate blood vessel growth to feed tumor by sending out growth signals. |
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What does approximation mean? |
Used to describe when wound edges are touching. |
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What does avulsion mean? |
A wound that results from tissue being torn away in a large piece. |
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What healing intention is required for avulsions? |
Secondary intention |
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What does cellulitis mean? |
Inflammation or infection of the cells in tissue characterized by redness, pain, heat and edema |
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What is primary intention? |
Wound margins are brought together by any means and heals with minimal scarring or infection. |
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What is secondary intention? |
Missing tissue requires margins to contract, and then fills in, resulting in a large scar. Cannot be sutured closed because too much tissue is missing. High infection potential |
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What is tertiary intention? |
Wound margins either separate after being closed or are intentionally left open, then brought together after granulation tissue appears. This is a combination of primary and secondary closure. |
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What is likely to heal by primary intention? |
Incisions cuts and puncture wounds |
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Pressure ulcers heal by what type of intention? |
Secondary intention |
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Dog bites and wound dehiscence are healed by what type of intention? |
Tertiary intention |
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What factors affect wound healing? |
Nutritional status Blood flow/o2 delivery Impaired inflammatory/ Immune response Infection Wound separation Foreign bodies |
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What are the cell characteristics of a benign tumor? |
Well differentiated |
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What are the cell characteristics of a malignant tumor? |
Poor differentiation |
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What is the cellular cohesiveness of a benign tumor? |
Stays together |
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What is the cellular cohesiveness of a malignant tumor? |
Breaks apart, sluffs off easily |
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What is the growth mode of a benign tumor? |
Expands and pushes on surrounding tissues |
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What is the growth mode of a malignant tumor? |
Infiltrates into the tissue |
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What is the growth pattern of a benign tumor? |
Encapsulated |
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What us the growth pattern of a malignant tumor? |
Infiltrates tissue by tendrals |
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What is the growth rate of a benign tumor? |
Generally slow |
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What is the growth rate of a malignant tumor? |
Usually rapid |
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What type of hormone secretion rate does a benign tumor have? |
Hyper |
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What type of hormone secretion rate does a malignant tumor have? |
Hypo |
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What is the metastatic potential of a benign tumor? |
Does not metastasize |
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What is the metastatic potential of a malignant tumor? |
Eventually metastasizes |
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What is the tumor mobility of a benign tumor? |
Movable |
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What us the tumor mobility of a Malignant tumor? |
Fixed |
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What is the suffix of a benign tumor? |
-oma |
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What is the suffix for a malignant tumor of epithelial origin? |
-carcinoma suffix |
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What does carcinoma affect? |
Epithelial tissues: skin, mucous membranes lining body cavities |
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What is the tumor nomenclature of a malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin? |
-sarcoma |
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What is anaplasia? |
Without form |
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Sarcoma cancers grow rapidly, and show little differentiation, what is this called? |
Anaplasia |
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What are sarcomas best treated by? |
Radiation treatment. |
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When does angiogenesis occur? |
Occurs in granulation phase of healing and wound repair. In cancer cells when they stimulate blood vessel growth to feed tumor. |
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What are the cancer cell characteristics? |
Differentiation Contact inhibition Cohesiveness Anchorage independence Faulty cell to cell communication Antigens Enzymes |
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What does debridement mean? |
The removal of devitalized or dead tissue and foreign material from the wound bed. |
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What does dehiscence mean? |
The splitting open of a surgical wound. |
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What does erythema mean? |
Redness of the skin |
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What does exudate mean? |
Fluid that comes from wounds. |
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What are the types of exudate? |
Serous - clear Sanguineous - bloody Purulent - pus |
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What is erythema caused by? |
Vasodilation related to inflammation, infection, or injury. |
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What levels of healing intention does approximation apply to? |
Primary and tertiary intention |
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What is granulation tissue? |
Forms in the wound base which fills in wound with scar tissue. |
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What does ischemia mean? |
A deficiency of blood supply to an area of a tissue or an organ |
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What does laceration mean? |
A wound that is produced by the tearing or cutting of the skin |
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What does maceration mean? |
A softening, whitish look to intact skin around wounds caused by excessive moisture. |
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What is narcotic tissue? |
Dead tissue that usually presents as black or brown and is hard or leathery in texture. |
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What does Purulent mean? |
Containing or forming pus. Usually an opaque white, green or yellow exudate. |
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Where is dehiscence common? |
Adipose areas |
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What is the difference between malignant and normal cells when it comes to anchorage dependence? |
Normal cells must be "anchored" to a membrane or matrix of some kind to grow. Cancer cells can move freely. |
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What enzymes do cancer cells synthesize and secrete? |
Proteases and glycosidase |
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What do the enzymes do that are synthesized by cancer cells? |
Break down proteins involved in insuring intracellular organization and cell to cell cohesion. They can contribute to the breakdown of intercellular matrix. |
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What is oncogenesis? |
Genetic mechanism whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. |
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What is an oncogene? |
Mutated gene that now has the potential to cause cancer. |
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What are the types of oncognes? |
Proto-oncogenes Anti-oncogenes Cellular oncogenes Viral oncogenes |
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What is a proto-oncogene? |
Normal gene that could become an oncogene due to mutations from either inherited predispositions or external causes. |
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How do proto-oncogenes become cancer? |
Mutations in proto-oncogenes disable normal apoptosis of cells which then results in over production of cells. This over production of cells will eventually lead to cancer. |
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What are anti-oncogenes? |
Damage tumor suppressing genes that would normally inhibit the growth of cancer cells. This leads to the under production of cancer preventing cells. |
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What are cellular oncogenes? |
Cancer characteristics that are coded on the host's inherited genes. Causes damage to RNA and DNA |
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What are viral oncogenes? |
Some viruses are known to cause cancer by transmitting their DNA or RNA into host cells which damages the cell's genes. |
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What are the host factors that promote cancer? |
Heredity Hormones Faulty immunologic mechanisms Obesity Smoking Alcohol |
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What are the Environmental factors that promote cancer? |
Chemicals Radiation Pollution Food Molds Tanning Beds |
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What are the oncogenic viruses that promote cancer? |
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) Hepatitis B and C AIDS Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) retrovirus |
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What are the methods of metastasis? |
Direct Extension Seeding Circulation |
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What is metastasis by Direct Extension? |
Tumor cells spreads to tissue adjacent to the primary tumor by sending out projections into the surrounding tissue or growing pseudopodia to "walk" to the nearest cells. |
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What is metastasis by seeding? |
Tumor cells slough off from primary tumor and develop into more tumors |
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What is metastasis by circulation? |
Through the blood and/or lymph a secondary tumor develops in a site distant from the primary tumor. |
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What are some examples of metastasis by seeding? |
1. During surgery to remove a tumor, some tumor cells remain in the tissue after the main tumor is removed and provides the "seed" for more tumor cells to grow. 2. Tumors erode and shed cells into body cavities. |
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Where does metastasis of breast and lung cancer occur? |
Brain Spine |
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Why is staging of cancer important? |
Staging helps doctor plan the appropriate treatment Cancer stage can be used to estimate a persons prognosis Staging helps health care providers and researchers exchange information about patients. |
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How are cancers of the brain and spinal cord staged? |
According to their cell type and grade |
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What is the TNM system based on? |
Size and/or extent of the primary tumor Amount of spread to nearby lymph nodes The presence of metastasis |
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What does TNM stand for? |
T-Size of Tumor N- Node involvement M- Metastatic spread |
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What are the ratings of of the Primary tumor of the TNM system? |
TX: Primary tumor cannot be evaluated T0: No evidence of primary tumor Tis: Carcinoma in situ T1, T2, T3, T4: Size and/or extent of the primary tumor |
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What are the ratings of regional lymph nodes (N) of the TNM system? |
NX: Regional lymph nodes cannot be evaluated N0: No regional lymph node involvement N1, N2, N3: Degree of regional lymph node involvement (# and location of lymph nodes) |
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What are the ratings of Distant Metastasis (M) of the TNM system? |
MX: Distant metastasis cannot be evaluated M0: No distant metastasis M1: Distant metastasis is present |
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What type of cancer system groups cancer location into five main categories? |
Summary staging |
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What stage of cancer is an in situ tumor? |
Stage 1 |
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What stage of cancer is limited to the organ which it began with no evidence of spread? |
Stage 2 |
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What stage of cancer has spread beyond the primary site to nearby lymph nodes or tissues and organs? |
Stage 3 |
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What stage cancer is localized? |
Stage 2 |
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What stage cancer is regional? |
Stage 3 |
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What stage cancer is distant/metastatic? |
Stage 4 |
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What are the stages of the summary staging system for cancer? |
Stage1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Unknown |
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What stage of cancer has spread from the primary site to distant tissues or organs or to distant lymph nodes? |
Stage 4 |
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What are the ratings of the tumor grading scale? |
GX: Grade cannot be assessed Grade 1: Well Differentiated, least aggressive Grade 2: Moderately differentiated Grade 3: Poorly Differentiated Grade 4: Very poorly differentiated. More likely to progress quickly, highly malignant. |
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What is Tumor grading used for? |
Tumor grade is the description of a tumor based on how abnormal the tumor cells and the tumor tissue look under a microscope. |
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What are the cancer signs and symptoms? |
Fatigue Pain Blood Dyscrasias Infection Cachexia |
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What is the most frequently reported symptom of cancer? |
Fatigue |
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What are the types of blood dyscrasias? |
Anemia Leukopenia Thrombocytopenia |
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What is the most significant cause of mortality of cancer patients? |
Infection |
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What is cachexia? |
"Wasting" syndrome related to malnutrition and increased BMR caused by growing tumors. |
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What is anemia? |
Low blood cell count |
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What is anemia caused by? |
Bleeding, malnutrition, cancer treatments (radiation) |
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What are the signs and symptoms of anemia? |
Fatigue and low oxygen (shortness of breath) |
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What is leukopenia? |
Low white blood cell count |
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What is leukopenia caused by? |
Bone cancers or cancer treatments |
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What are the signs and symptoms of leukopenia? |
Infection |
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What is thrombocytopenia? |
Low platelet count |
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What are the signs and symptoms of thrombocytopenia? |
Bleeding disorders that lead to anemia |
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What is BMR? |
Basal metabolic rate |
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What are the causes and contributing factors of cachexia? |
Tumors Chemotherapy Immunosuppressed |
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What does cachexia result in? |
Ongoing loss of skeletal muscle mass that cannot be reversed by nutrition |
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What is CINV? |
Chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting |
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What are the classifications of cancer treatments? |
Curative Adjuvant Palliative |
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What is curative treatment? |
Cancer will be eliminated from the individual. Treatment is intended to bring about a complete cure of the cancer. |
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What is an example of a curative treatment? |
Surgery to remove tumor |
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What is adjuvant treatment? |
Treatment that is given in addition to the primary treatment to make sure the cancer is eradicated. |
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What is an example of adjuvant treatment? |
Chemotherapy or radiation after surgery time kill any cancer cells that were missed |
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What is the life expectancy of palliative care patients? |
Less than six months |
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What is palliative treatment? |
Treatment given to relieve cancer symptoms and reduce suffering |
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What are the types of cancer treatments? |
Chemotherapy Radiation Surgery Biotherapy (immunotherapy) |
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What does chemotherapy do? |
Kill all fast growing cells whether they Re cancerous or not. |
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What are adverse reactions of chemotherapy? |
GI tract break down Bone marrow suppression Alopecia Secondary malignancies |
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What is affected in the GI TRACT when chemotherapy treatment is administered? |
Mucositis (stomatitis) Ulcers Constipation |
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When does mucositis (stomatitis) occur and how long does it last? |
Begins 3-10 days after initiation of chemotherapy and lasts 7-14 days. |
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What does mucositis cause? |
Mucosal lining of the mouth to atrophy and break down forming ulcers |
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What is radiation therapy best used for? |
Rapidly growing, poorly differentiated tumor cells. |
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What are the adverse reactions of radiation therapy? |
Skin burns GI tract mucous membrane damage Bone marrow suppression Alopecia |
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What is the rule with patients that have a radiation implant? |
Time and distance |
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What is biotherapy (immunotherapy)? |
Medications stimulate the immune system to identify and destroy cancer cells without damaging surrounding normal cells. |
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What are the classes of drugs used to treat cancer by altering or augmenting naturally occurring processes within the body? |
BRMs - Biologic Response Modifiers |
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What do BRM medications do? |
Enhance an immune response (seek and destroy cancer cells) Suppress the immune system as might be needed to treat autoimmune disorders |
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What are the advantages of immunotherapy? |
High specificity for antigens-means less damage to healthy tissue Immune memory cells give long protection |
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What are the disadvantages of immunotherapy? |
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, fever, chills, muscle aches, weakness, skin rash, and increased tendency for bleeding and swelling. Cannot be in large crowds because of lowered immunity. |
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What are the types of BRMs? |
Monoclonal antibodies (mab drugs) Interleukin-2 (cytokine) Alpha Interferon (IFN) |
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If a medication ends in -Mab what is it? |
Immunosuppressant |
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What happens when a monoclonal antibody (-mab drug) attaches to a cancer cell? |
Make the cancer cell more visible to the immune system. Block growth signals Stop new blood vessels from forming (blocks angiogenesis) Deliver radiation to cancer cells Deliver chemotherapy to cancer cells |
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When are pediatric cancers most often diagnosed? |
Peak growth times |
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What do most pediatric cancers involve? |
Blood system or nervous system |
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What percentage of leukemia is child cancer? |
1/3 |
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What is the most common cause of cancer in adults? Pediatric patients? |
ADULTS- environmental cause is high Pediatric- genetic cause |
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Is adult or pediatric more responsive to chemotherapy? |
Pediatrics |
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How is most pediatric cancers found? |
Accidentally |
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How are most adult cancers found? |
During routine screening exams |
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True or false, most pediatric cancers can be prevented? |
False |
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True or false, most adult cancers can be prevented? |
True 80% |
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How many adult cancers can be prevented? |
80% |
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Is adult cancer or pediatric cancers intolerant to treatment? |
Adult |
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Is adult or pediatric cancer tolerant to treatment but has long term consequences? |
Pediatric |
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What are teratogens? |
Chemical, biological or physical factors that might cause an abnormal development of a fetus in the mother's womb (congenital birth defects). |
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When are teratogens the all-or-nothing rule? |
The first week of pregnancy the embryo either dies under the effects of teratogens or survives without any harm from them. |
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What is the period considered to be the most critical when it comes to teratogens? |
3 to 8 weeks of pregnancy. During this time all organs of the embryo start to form and they are incredibly sensitive to harmful factors. Exposure to teratogens in this period can cause severe malformations of the baby, or even death. |
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What are some examples of teratogens? |
Diseases Drugs/chemicals Environmental |
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What are some maternal illnesses? |
Chicken pox, herpes virus, German Measles, cytomegaly virus, HIV, AIDS |
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What are some examples of environmental teratogen? |
Mercury, lead, radiation |
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In fetal alcohol syndrome one drink for Mom equals how many for the baby? |
10 |
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What is the number one cause of mental retardation in children? |
Fetal alcohol syndrome |
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Is fetal alcohol syndrome reversible or irreversible? |
Irreversible |
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What are some distinctive facial features of fetal alcohol syndrome? |
Wide set eyes, exceptionally thin upper lip, upturned nose, smooth skin surface between the nose and upper lip |
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What does fetal alcohol syndrome cause? |
Developmental delays Physical defects Seizures during withdrawal Behavioral problems Intellectual impairment Brain malformation |
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What does TORCH stand for? |
T- Toxoplasmosis O- Other R- Rubella C- Cytomegalovirus (CMV) H- Herpes |
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What does Rubella do to kids? |
Chromosomal damage |
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What is the difference between rubella and rubeola? |
Rubella is German measles- chromosomal damage to kids Rubeola is regular measles- no chromosomal damage |
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What are TORCH infections? |
Perinatal infections that account for 2-3% of all congenital anomalies. |
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What does TORCH cause? |
Mild maternal morbidity, but have serious fetal consequences. |
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What do Epigenetic changes do? |
Modifications of DNA, which occur without any alteration in the underlying DNA sequence and can control whether a gene is turned on or off, and how much of a particular message is made. |
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Who can pass down epigenetic changes? |
Mother and father |
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What are some examples of epigenetic changes? |
DNA methylation- Add a methyl group to DNA so some genes cannot be expressed Epigenetic silencing- Cancer growth Agouti GENE is "on"- Obesity |
