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21 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Cancer
2nd leading COD in US
64% will be alive after 5 yrs
not a single disease-
prostate most common in men
breasts most common in women
Cancer

What?
a disorder of altered cell differentiation and growth.
Neoplasia

What?
'new growth'
Neoplasm

What?
the result of the new growth
Proliferation

What?
Process where tissues acquire new or replacement cells through cell division
Differentiation

What?
Process where proliferating cells are transformed into different and more specialized cells
Benign tumors
usually well-differentiated cells that may perform normal fx-
slow growth-
grows by expansion with compression of nearby tissue possible-
*Does not spread by metastasis*
Malignant
cells are undifferentiated with anaplasia (loss of differentiation)
bears little resemblance to cells of tissue of origin
rapid in growth-
invade local structures and tissues
Metastasis
movement of cancerous cells from origin to new site-
spread distantly most commonly through blood and **lymphatics**
Cancer

Hosts & Environmental factors

Heredity*
Not the cause of the majority of cancers only 10-20% linkable-
Multiple genetic changes have to happen before cancer develops
Cancer

Host and Environmental factors

Viral Causes*
HPV & Cervical Cancer-
Epstein Barr & Lymphomas-
Hepatitis B, C
Cancer

Host and Environmental factors

Bacterial Causes?
H. Pylori (bacteria, also ulcer producer) is a known cause of gastric cancer

blacks & Hispanics at increased risk for gastric cancer
Cancer

Host and Environmental factors - Lifestyle?
Tobacco use - #1indicator for kidney, bladder, lung
Diet - low in fiber, nitrates (smoked foods, salted meat, pork), obesity
Alcohol - especially when smoke
Cancer

Host and Environmental factors - UV Radiation?
known to cause specific gene mutations-
risk increase if excessive exposure during childhood-
Cancer

How it presents?
PAIN- pain is first priority:
Morphine is drug of choice-
FATIGUE- most common reported symptom
Cachexia-
Altered Carb Metabolism- causes hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia
Cancer

Diagnostic?
PAP Smear for Cervical; includes tissue smear and colposcopy: a tissue' snip'
Biopsy: lymph node almost always, must have biopsy!!!
Cancer

Staging?
Stage using TNM
tumor: size
node: how many
metastasis: satellite sites
Cancer

Treatment? Cure, no not usually.
Chemo- single agent or combo; Biotherapies-to wake up the immune system; Radiation-does not replace chemo, aviods damage to normal structures; Surgery-not 1st in inflammatory breasts CA
Cancer

Side effects of treatment?
N/V, alopecia, infections d/t low WBC, anemia: give Procrit but not for all anemias-
Leuko/Neutropenia: (tx with Neupogen) when severe avoid fresh fruits, veggies, flowers, and teach hygiene, avoidance
Cancer

Other side effects of tx?
Thrombocytopenia: decreased platelets
major cause of hemorrhage-
NO IM injections: hold venipunture for 5 min, no shave, teach safety!
Cancer

Infection
is the most significant cause of complications and death in malignant CA diseases. teach patient to know the signs of infection, to keep all appntments, and what to avoid in the environment. FEVER is top sign when WBC is affected.