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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three components of the circulatory system? |
1. Heart 2. Blood vessels 3. Blood |
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What are the two components of the cardiovascular system? |
1. Heart 2. Blood vessels |
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What is the term for the study of blood? |
Hematology |
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What is the main purpose of the circulatory system? |
Transport substances from place to place in the body |
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What is the liquid medium in which materials travel in the body? |
Blood |
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What ensures the proper routing of blood to its destinations? |
Blood vessels |
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What is the pump that keeps the blood flowing? |
Heart |
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What are the three main functions of the circulatory system? |
1. Transport 2. Protection 3. Regulation |
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What is known as the extracellular matrix that is a clear light yellow fluid constituting a little over half of the blood volume? |
Plasma |
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What are suspended in the plasma that are cells and cell fragments? |
Formed elements |
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What are the three types of formed elements? |
1. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) 2. Leukocytes (white blood cells) 3. Platelets |
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What are the two categories of leukocytes? |
1. Granulocytes 2. Agranulocytes |
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What are the three granulocytes? |
1. Neutrophils 2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils |
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What are the two agranulocytes? |
1. Lymphocytes 2. Monocytes |
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When filling a tube with a sample of blood, what constitutes the bottom dense region of the tube, and what is the name of the volume? |
Erythrocytes Hematocrit |
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When filling a tube with a sample of blood, what makes up the thin layer just above the erythrocytes and what is the name of the thin layer? |
Leukoctyes and platelets Buffy coat |
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When filling a tube with a sample of blood, what constitutes the top layer? |
Plasma |
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What is the average pH of the blood? |
7.35-7.45 |
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What is formed when the blood clots and the solids are removed; absence of the clotting protein fibrinogen? |
Serum |
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What are the three plasma proteins? |
1. Albumins 2. Globulins 3. Fibrinogens |
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What plasma protein buffers the blood and contributes to blood's viscosity and osmolarity? |
Albumin |
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What plasma protein deals with clotting and immunity; made up of three subclasses, the alpha, beta, and gamma? |
Globulins |
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What plasma protein is sticky and forms the framework of a blood clot? |
Fibrinogen |
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The liver produces all of the plasma proteins except one, which is produced from plasma cells descended from B lymphocytes? |
Gamma globulins |
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What is also found in plasma that are the toxic end products of catabolism, such as urea, and are usually excreted by the kidneys? |
Nitrogenous wastes |
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What is the most important electrolyte found in plasma that has a major influence on blood volume and pressure? |
Sodium |
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What is the term for the resistance of a fluid to flow, resulting from cohesion of its particles? |
Viscosity |
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What is the term for the total molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall? |
Osmolarity |
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What is the term for the contribution of protein to blood osmotic pressure? |
Colloid osmotic pressure |
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What is the term for the production of blood, especially its formed elements? |
Hemopoiesis |
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What is the term for the tissues that produce blood cells? |
Hemopoietic tissues |
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T/F: The liver stops producing blood cells around the time of birth. |
True |
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Where are formed elements produced after birth? |
Red bone marrow |
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What is the term for blood formation in the bone marrow? |
Myeloid hemopoiesis |
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What is the term for blood formation in the lymphatic organs? |
Lymphoid hemopoiesis |
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What type of stem cell do all our formed elements originate from? |
Pluripotent stem cells |
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What is formed when stem cells go on to form a variety of more specialized cells, and is destined to form one or another class of formed elements? |
Colony forming units |
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What are the two primary functions of red blood cells? |
1. Pick up O2 from the lungs and deliver to tissues 2. Pick up CO2 from the tissues and deliver it to lungs |
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What is the most abundant formed element found in blood? |
Red blood cells |
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T/F: Red blood cells contain a nucleus and mitochondria. |
F: They do not contain any organelles. |
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What do red blood cells rely on to produce ATP because they lack mitochondria? |
Anaerobic fermentation |
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Why is it a good thing that red blood cells produce ATP via anaerobic fermentation? |
They are the primary oxygen carries, so if they produced ATP via aerobic respiration they would use up some of the oxygen, which would result in less oxygen being delivered to the tissues. |
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What is found in the cytoplasm of a red blood cell that carries oxygen, aids in the transport of carbon dioxide, and buffers the blood pH? |
Hemoglobin |
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What are the two proteins that give a red blood cell resilience and durability, allowing it to squeeze through smaller areas and then bounce back into its original shape? |
1. Spectrin 2. Actin |
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Where do red blood cells load up oxygen? |
Capillaries |
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What is the term for the four protein chains that hemoglobin consists of? |
Globins |
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What are the divisions of the globins? |
1. 2 alpha chains 2. 2 beta chains |
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How many oxygen can a heme group transport? |
4 |
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What measures the percentage of whole blood volume composed of red blood cells? |
Hematocrit |
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What is the normal hematocrit range for men and for women? |
Men = 42%-52% Women = 37%-48% |
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What is the normal range of hemoglobin concentration for men and for women? |
Men = 13-18 g/dL Women = 12-16 g/dL |
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What is the normal range of red blood cell count for men and for women? |
Men = 4.6-6.2 million/uL Women = 4.2-5.4 million/uL |
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What are the three reasons why women tend to have lower values than men when it comes to red blood cells? |
1. Men have higher androgen levels 2. Women loose blood through menstruation 3. Women have higher body fat |
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What is the average life span of a red blood cell? |
120 days |
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What is the term for erythrocyte production? |
Erythropoiesis |
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What are the steps involved in erythropoiesis? |
1. Hemopoietic stem cell becomes a erythrocyte colony forming unit (ECFU) 2. ECFU has receptors for erythropoietin (EPO) 3. EPO stimulates ECFU to change into a erythroblast 4. They multiply and make hemoglobin 5. The nucleus shrivels and leaves the cell forming a reticulocyte 6. Reticulocyte leaves the bone marrow and enters the blood where the rest of the materials in the cell disintegrate forming a erythrocyte
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What are the two dietary forms of iron? |
1. Ferric (Fe3+) 2. Ferrous (Fe2+) |
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Which form of iron is the only form that can be absorbed by the small intestine? |
Fe2+ (stomach acid will convert Fe3+ to this so it can be absorbed) |
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What protein is produced by the stomach and binds to Fe2+ to transport it to the stomach? |
Gastroferritin |
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What plasma protein binds to Fe2+ after it has reached the small intestine and has been absorbed into the blood, which then transports it to the bone marrow, liver, and other tissues? |
Transferrin |
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If there is an excess in iron, the liver binds what protein to it in order to form an iron storage complex called ferritin? |
Apoferritin |
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What is the term for an oxygen deficiency in the blood; due to hemorrhaging, living at high altitudes, or taking on an extreme sport (can be corrected via a negative feedback loop)? |
Hypoxemia |
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What is the term for the rupture of red blood cells that releases hemoglobin and leaves empty plasma membranes? |
Hemolysis |
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When hemolysis occurs, what breaks down the membrane fragments of a red blood cell? |
Macrophages |
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When hemolysis occurs, what begins the disposal process by separating the heme from the globin? |
Macrophages will turn the globin into amino acids used for catabolism or protein synthesis. |
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What are the steps to dispose of the heme during hemolysis? |
1. Macrophages release iron from the group into the blood 2. Remainder heme is converted into biliverdin 3. Biliverdin is converted into bilirubin 4. Bilirubin is released by macrophages and binds to albumin 5. Liver removes bilirubin from the albumin and secretes it into bile in the gallbladder 6. Gallbladder releases the bile via the small intestine as feces |
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What occurs when there is an excess is red blood cells? |
Polycythemia |
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What occurs when there is a deficiency in either red blood cells for hemoglobin? |
Anemia |
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What type of polycythemia occurs due to cancer of the erythropoietic line of the red bone marrow; results in a high red blood cell count and hematocrit? |
Primary polycythemia |
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What type of polycythemia occurs due to dehydration, smoking, air pollution, or excessive aerobic exercise where a state of hypoxemia takes place stimulating erythropoietin secretion? |
Secondary polycythemia |
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What are the three dangers of polycythemia? |
1. Increased blood volume 2. Increased blood pressure 3. Increased blood viscosity |
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What are the three causes for anemia? |
1. Inadequate erythropoiesis/hemoglobin synthesis 2. Hemorrhagic anemia from bleeding 3. Hemolytic anemia from red blood cell destruction |
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Where is erythropoietin mainly produced? |
Kidneys |
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What type of anemia is characterized by pale erythrocytes, and is caused by blood loss without compensatory iron digestion? |
Iron deficiency anemia |
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What type of anemia is caused by a vitamin B12 deficiency? |
Pernicious anemia |
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What substance does the small intestine need in order to absorb vitamin B12? |
Intrinsic factor |
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What type of anemia is caused by a decline in erythropoiesis? |
Hypoplastic anemia |
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What type of anemia is caused by a complete failure or destruction of the myeloid tissue? |
Aplastic anemia |
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What are the three consequences of anemia? |
1. Hypoxia (shortness of breath) 2. Reduced blood osmolarity (more fluid) 3. Reduced blood viscosity (faster heartbeat) |
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What disease is caused by a recessive allele that modifies the hemoglobin, does not bind oxygen very well, and agglutinates; blocking small blood vessels and starving tissues? |
Sickle cell anemia |
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What chemical is released from a basophil that is a vasodilator that widens the blood vessels, speeds the flow of blood to an injured tissue, and makes blood vessels more permeable? |
Histamine |
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What chemical is released from a basophil that is an anticoagulant that inhibits blood clotting and promotes the mobility of other white blood cells in the area? |
Heparin |
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What is the term for the production of white blood cells? |
Leukopoiesis |
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Where do leukocytes originate from? |
Hemopoietic stem cells (same as red blood cells) |
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What are the three types of cells that myeloblasts are committing to become? |
1. Neutrophils 2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils |
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What are formed from monoblasts? |
Monocytes |
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What are formed from lymphoblasts? |
Lymphocytes |
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What are responsible for long term immunity, leave the bloodstream and enter tissues, and then enter the lymphatic system where they are then recycled and put back into the bloodstream? |
Lymphocytes |
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What are responsible for the creamy color of pus? |
Dead neutrophils |
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What is the term for a low white blood cell count resulting from mercury poisoning, radiation sickness, or influenza? |
Leukocytopenia |
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What is the term for a white blood cell count above normal and usually indicates an infection or other disease? |
Leukocytosis |
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What is a cancer of the Hemopoietic tissues that usually produces a high number of circulating leukocytes and their precursors? |
Leukemia |
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What type of leukemia is marked by uncontrolled granulocyte production? |
Myeloid leukemia |
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What type of leukemia involves uncontrolled lymphocyte or monocyte production? |
Lymphoid leukemia |
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What type of leukemia appears suddenly, progresses rapidly, and causes death within a few months if not treated? |
Acute leukemia |
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What type of leukemia develops more slowly and may go undetected for many months? |
Chronic leukemia |
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What type of infection occurs with the establishment of pathogenic organisms that usually cannot get a foothold in people with healthy immune systems? |
Opportunistic infection |
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What is the term for the cessation of bleeding? |
Hemostasis |
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What are small fragments of marrow cells (megakaryocytes)? |
Platelets |
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What chemical stimulates spasmodic constriction of broken vessels (formed from platelets)? |
Vasoconstrictors |
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What seal small breaks in injured blood vessels? |
Platelet plugs |
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What promotes blood clotting and are secreted by platelets? |
Procoagulants |
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What do platelets secrete that stimulate mitosis in fibroblasts and smooth muscle? |
Growth factors |
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What is the term for the production of platelets? |
Thrombopoiesis |
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What is the term for a platelet deficiency? |
Thrombocytopenia |
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What is the first mechanism involved in hemostasis, where a prompt constriction of the broken vessel occurs? |
Vascular spasm |
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What chemical is released that allows the vascular spasm to maintain itself long enough for the other two hemostatic mechanisms to come into play? |
Seritonin |
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What lines the endothelium of a blood vessels making it smooth and acts as a platelet repellent? |
Prostacyclin |
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What is the second mechanism involved in hemostasis where platelets grow tiny pseudopods that adhere to the vessel and other platelets, and then contract to draw the walls of the vessel together, forming a mass of platelets? |
Platelet plug formation |
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What are the three chemicals released during platelet plug formation? |
1. Seritonin (vasoconstrictor) 2. ADP (attracts more platelets) 3. Thromboxane A2 (promotes platelet aggregation) |
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What type of feedback is activated during platelet plug formation? |
Positive feedback |
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What is the third mechanism involved in hemostasis in which it clots a broken vessel quickly, and also prevents clotting in the absence of vessel damage? |
Coagulation |
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What is the sticky protein that adheres to the walls of a vessel that is formed from fibrinogen? |
Fibrin |
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What type of mechanism is initiated by clotting factors released by the damaged blood vessel and perivascular tissue? |
Extrinsic mechanism |
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What type of mechanism uses only clotting factors found in the blood itself? |
Intrinsic mechanism |
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What is another name for clotting factors? |
Procoagulants |
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What is a series of reactions, each of which depends on the product of the preceding one? |
Reaction cascade |
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What occurs when there is a deficiency of any clotting factor? |
Hemophilia |
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What is the term for abnormal clotting of blood in an unbroken vessel? |
Thrombosis |
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What may grow large enough to obstruct a small vessel? |
Thromus |
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What is made when a piece of a thrombus breaks loose and begins to travel in the bloodstream; can lodge in an artery and block blood flow? |
Embolus |
