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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the different generalizations of parts of the skeleton |
cranial: skull axial: vertebral column and ribs appendicular: appendages |
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what are the characteristics of avian bones? |
pneumatized (hollow) bones struts crossing the hollow center of the tube allows air sacs to extend into the bones |
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what are the different pars of the axial skeleton from rostral to caudal |
atlas axis cervical thoracic lumbar sacral caudal |
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what are the bones of the appendicular skeleton on mammals from proximal to distal |
forelimbs: scapula humerus radius and ulna (ulna has process that forms elbow) carpals metacarpals phalanges hind limbs: ilium and ischium (ischium below ilium), and pubis below ischium femur tibia and fibula (fibula on posterior side of limb) tarsals metatarsals phalanges |
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where the primary feathers, and secondary feathers insert and the term for the fused carpals, metacarpals and phalanges in birds |
primary: insert into carpometacarpus bones secondary: insert into ulna carpometacarpus |
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what is the clavicle in birds |
furcula |
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differentiate the shoulder girdle of birds and mammals, and the cervical vertebrae of birds and mammals |
not ball and socket shoulder girdle in birds: allows for larger range of rotation cervical vertebrae are heterocercal joints, ball and socket joint instead of atlast and axis |
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purpose of the coracoid in birds |
thick bone structure to brace the sternum to prevent collapsion of the shoulder girdle |
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name of the bony structure at the tip of the caudal vertebrae in birds |
pygostyle |
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what is the name of the region in the shoulder girdle that the supracoracoideus tendon passes through and where does it insert on the humerus |
trioseal canal glenoid fossa |
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where is pressure removed from when changing from a sprawled gait to a non-sprawled gait |
ribs bracing around shoulder girdle bracing with coracoid and sternal plate more pressure added on scapula |
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what are the different types of locomotion? |
ambulatory: walking cursorial: running fossorial: burrowing climbing volant: active flight saltorial: jumping |
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what are the different footfall patterns for cursorial locomotion |
pace: same side limbs hit ground at same time trot: opposite sided limbs hit ground at same time bound: all four feet at same time -- bouncing half-bound: 3 feet at same time and landing with 1 foot first and then two feet canter: 1 foot, then two feet, then one foot then air |
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adaptations for longer stride length and higher stride frequency |
bundling of muscles at proximal end of limbs and using long tendons use of dorsal and abdominal muscles to stretch and compress the vertebral column while running elongation of distal limbs free rotation of scapula |
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different foot postures |
unguligrade digitigrade plantigrade |
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different parts of the bat wings |
propatagium: wing between carpals and neck plagiopatagium: wing between fifth finger and hind limbs dactylopatagium: wing between fingers uropatagium: wing between hind limbs and tail calcar: extension of tarsal patagia have criss-cross collagen to help prevent tearing |
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how does the shoulder girdle of bats help with flight? |
acrominion process of scapula prevents overextension of limbs by interacting with the hinge of the humerus |
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muscles used in flight of bats vs birds |
downstroke: - bats: callvodeltoids, serratus ventralis, pectoralis - birds: pectoralis upstroke: - bats: deltoids, trapezius, supra and infraspinatus - birds: supracoracoideus |
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what are wing features that reduce turbulence behind the wing |
alula camber wings |
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which feathers provide thrust and which provide lift |
primaries mainly give thrust secondaries mainly give lift |
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how do the wing bones of birds change from hummingbirds to soaring birds? |
farearm elongates, manus shrinks |
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what are adaptations for flight? |
reduced mass: - reduction or fusion of bones - hollow, strutted bones - airsacs for high metabolism: - improved respiratory system - high heart rate - warm blooded (>40 C) - efficient digestion - flight muscle composed of red muscle tissue correlated with amount of flight |
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what occurs in the ribcage of birds during ventilation |
external intercostal muscles raise the ribcage and sternum for inhalation internal intercostal muscles lower the ribcage and sternum during exhalation |
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differentiate mammalian and avian gas exchange in the lungs |
mammalian have a uniform pool where gas exchange is less efficient avian have a crosscurrent exchange system to maximize gas exchange |
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how do birds minimize energy for active flight |
use lift and wind currents - eg. thermals of rising air |
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how do turbulent vortexes off the wing of birds affect group migration V pattern |
vortexes from front birds provide lift for tailing birds |
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what is the sex determination in birds and why is there a seasonal change in gonad size? |
zz are males -- develops wolffian duct wz are females -- develops mullerian duct limitations on weight control gonad size |
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production of sperm in birds vs mammals |
both have spermatogenesis occurring from spermatogonia germ cells, and sperm stored in lumen of seminiferous tubules and epididymis in many mammals testes occur in decended scrota for heat regulation (cetaceans excluded since stored internally) in bats testes only descend for breeding season in birds sperm production mostly at night and stored in cloacal produberance which is the coiled up vas deferens |
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what are the different parts of an avian egg from external to internal |
cuticle egg shell shell membranes albumen chalaza (from rotation of yolk) vitelline membrane (yolk sac) blastodisk alternation of white and yellow yolk |
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sequence of avian egg production |
- mature follicle breaks off and goes into infundibulum - albumin layers added successively in magnum - shell membranes added in isthmus - uterus (shell gland) adds the shell and pigmentation - goes through vagina to cloaca |
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how does gas exchange occur in avian eggs |
pores in the calcium carbonate coat allow for gas exchange through shell membranes without losing water |
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sequence of mammalian oestrus cycle |
- gonadotropic releasing hormone stimulates release of ovum - ptuitary gland produces increasing amounts of FSH and LH as the follicle grows - as the follicle grows, it begins to secrete estrogen which stimulates the production of gonadotropic releasing hormone (inhibits ptuitary production and releases ovum) and thickens the endometrium lining - ovulation occurs one estrogen levels high enough to stop production of FSH and LH - remnants of follicle become corpus luteum which secretes progesterone to maintain endometrium, also shuts down ptuitary gland production - if egg fertilized then egg will begin to produce chorionic gonadotrophin to temporarily prevent degeneration of corpus luteum until the placenta can produce progesterone - if egg not fertilized, corpus luteum becomes corpus albicans and endometrium lining shed |
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development of embryo in mammals vs avians |
internal development in mammals can lead to problems: - faetal blood may be incompatible with maternal blood --> leads to immune response birds lay eggs and keep embryo isolated from mother |
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what are the different types of placental connections |
choriovitelline (marsupials): - not with deep connection with maternal blood -- large yolk sac to compensate chorioallantoic (eutherians): - not as reliant on yolk |
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what is the allantoic placenta for in marsupials |
forms connection for nutrient exchange - more for gas exchange since nutrients from yolk -- means that the embryo can only grow internally until yolk runs out |
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what is the allantois for in avian eggs |
waste storage |
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what are chorionic villi and what do they do |
villi that form different patterns on the embryo for interchange of nutrients, respiration and waste |
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what are the different maternal blood supply degrees of seperation in mammals |
epitheliochorial: 6 layers seperation syndesmochorial: 5 layers endotheliochorial: 4 layers hemochorial: 3 layers hemoendothelial: 1 layer |
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implantation and fertilization patterns |
delayed implantation: - mate and fertilize zygote - implantation delayed and and embryonic development stopped - implants later on delayed fertilization - copulation occurs and sperm stored until ovulation occurs - or fertilization and implantation occurs but then arrests |
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how does embryonic diapause occur in kangaroos |
as a large young kangaroo in sucking on higher teats for high-fat and low protein milk, a small young kangaroo is on the lower teat drinking high protein and low fat milk which arrests the development of the embryo in the uterus |
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how does incubation occur in birds? |
brood patch (aptera) increases vasculature controlled by increases in prolactin, estrogen, and progesterone to warm eggs. behavioural mechanisms and rotating eggs keep eggs at 37-38 C penguins incubate against feet since they don't have aptera which prevents egg cooling on the ground |
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what are the different types of avian nests |
open cup: common to have pigmented eggs for camoflauge cavity/burrow: harder to access for predators, more insulated, but egg can become oxygen starved, typically have more eggs layed mud nests: very insulated and strong, requires building bag or pensile nests: more insulated but don't have to burrow |
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why does the thickness of the bird nest matter for incubating eggs |
may provide more insulation to keep the egg at incubating temperatures (if egg goes below 25 C then arrests development) |
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what is the name of the fused tibia and tarsals in birds? fused tarsals in birds? |
tibiotarsus tarsometatarsus |
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what are the five air sacs in birds and their relative locations to the lung |
abdominal sac: posterior to lung posterior thoracic sac anterior thoracic sac interclavicular sac cervical sac |
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how does the avian lung system work? |
- air flows to caudal air sacs in first inspiration - air flows through lung in first experation - air in lungs flows to rostral air sacs in second inspiration while caudal air sacs fill again - air in rostral air sacs flows out in second expiration |
