Oceanography Midterm 2

Front 1

covalent bonds

Back 1

Shared electrons.

Front 2

Polar Molecule

Back 2

The opposite ends of a water molecule have opposite charges.

Front 3

Hydrogen bonds

Back 3

Bonds between water molecules.

Front 4

Temperature

Back 4

A measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules in the substance.

Front 5

Degrees

Back 5

Three scales to measure temperature: Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin.

Front 6

Heat

Back 6

A measure of the total kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules in a substance.

Front 7

Calories

Back 7

How heat is measured. One calorie is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1˚C from 14.5˚-15.5˚.

Front 8

Dew Point

Back 8

Temperature of water vapor saturation.

Front 9

Latent heat of fusion

Back 9

The heat necessary to change the state of water between solid and liquid.

Front 10

Latent heat of vaporization

Back 10

The heat needed for a change between the liquid and vapor states.

Front 11

Sublimination

Back 11

The process of changing ice directly to gas.

Front 12

Specific heat

Back 12

The ability of a substance to give up or take in a given amount of heat and undergo large or small changes in temperature.

Front 13

Heat capacity

Back 13

The quantity of heat required to produce a unit change of temperature in the material.

Front 14

Density

Back 14

Mass per unit volume of a substance.

Water density is usually measured in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm^3)

Pure Water = 3.98˚C, the temperature of maximum density, or approximately 4˚C, and is 1 g/cm^3

Front 15

Why are ice and water vapor less dense than liquid water?

Back 15

Temperature is inversely proportional to density. However, water takes up more space as a solid than a liquid, because there are fewer water molecules per cubic centimeter.

Front 16

Ion

Back 16

A charged atom or group of atoms.

Front 17

Cation

Back 17

An ion with a positive charge.

Front 18

Anion

Back 18

An atom with a negative charge.

Front 19

Ionic bonds

Back 19

Electrons are transferred from a metal atom to a nonmetal atom, creating ions of opposite charge that attract each other.

Front 20

Units of concentration

Back 20

The concentration of dissolved constituents in seawater can be expressed by weight, by volume, or in molar terms.

Front 21

Concentration expressed by weight

Back 21

Concentrations are given as g/kg (parts per thousand)

mg/kg (parts per million)

ug/kg (parts per billion)

Front 22

xpressed by volume

Back 22

g/1

mg/1

ug/1

Front 23

Express concentrations in molar terms

Back 23

The mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams, is exactly equal to the substance's mean atomic or molecular weight.

Front 24

Salinity

Back 24

The total quantity of dissolved salt in seawater.

Average ocean salinity is approximately 35%.

Front 25

Major constituent ions

Back 25

A total of eleven ions dissolved in seawater that account for 99.99% by weight of the ions in solution.

Front 26

Trace element

Back 26

An element dissolved in seawater at a concentration less than one part per million.

Front 27

Conservative constituents

Back 27

Component or property of seawater whose value changes only as a result of mixing, diffusion, and advection and not as a result of biological or chemical processes; for example, salinity.

Front 28

Nonconservative constituents

Back 28

Component or property of seawater whose value changes as a result of biological or chemical processes as well as by mixing, advection, and diffusion; for example, nutrients and oxygen in seawater.

Front 29

Evaporites

Back 29

Salts left behind as sedimentary deposits due to evaporation.

Front 30

Adsorption

Back 30

The adherence of ion and molecules onto a particle's surface.

Front 31

Ion exchange

Back 31

Strongly absorbable ions replace weakly absorbable ions.

Front 32

Residence time

Back 32

The average time a substance remains in solution in the ocean.

Front 33

Principle of Constant Proportion/ Constant Composition

Back 33

States that regardless of variations in salinity, the ratios between the amounts of major ions in open-ocean water are constant.

Front 34

Salinometer

Back 34

An instrument that measures electrical conductivity.

Front 35

Chlorinity (CL%)

Back 35

Chloride Concentration measured in parts per thousand or grams of chloride per kilogram of seawater.

Front 36

Saturaiton concentration

Back 36

The maximum amount of gas that can be held in any solution

Front 37

Photosynthesis

Back 37

The conversion of carbon dioxide to oxygen through plant respiration.

Front 38

Euphotic zone

Back 38

the lighted part of the ocean where photosynthesis occurs

Front 39

Oxidized

Back 39

Combine or become combined chemically with oxygen.

Front 40

Compensation depth

Back 40

The depth at which the rate of photosynthesis balances the rate of respiration.

Front 41

Anoxic

Back 41

Stripped of dissolved oxygen.

Front 42

Anaerobic

Back 42

Non-oxygen-using

Front 43

Supersaturated

Back 43

Oxygen values at the surface rising above the equilibrium (or saturation) value to 150% or more.

Front 44

Biological pump

Back 44

The transfer or carbon from carbon dioxide to organic molecules by photosynthesis results in the addition of carbon dioxide to the intermediate and deep-ocean water when the organic material sinks and decays.

Front 45

pH

Back 45

The acidity or alkalinity of a solution, measured on a scale of 0 to 14

Front 46

pH of seawater

Back 46

Between 7.5 and 8.5

Front 47

Buffer

Back 47

A substance that prevents sudden, or large, changes in the alkalinity or acidity of a solution.

Front 48

Anthropogenic carbon dioxide

Back 48

Carbon dioxide produced by human activities.

Front 49

Keeling Curve

Back 49

The most widely recognized instrument of human impact on the environment in existence.

Front 50

Ocean acidification

Back 50

The increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the water causing a decrease in the pH of the water.

Front 51

Solar constant

Back 51

If Earth had no atmosphere, the intensity of solar radiation available on a surface at right angles to the Sun's rays would be two calories per square centimeter per minute.

Front 52

Heat budget

Back 52

To maintain a constant average temperature, Earth and its atmosphere must reradiate as much heat back to space as they receive from the sun.

Front 53

Average salinity of the ocean

Back 53

35ppm

Front 54

The total kinetic energy of atoms and molecules in a substance

Back 54

heat

Front 55

What is latent heat of fusion?

Back 55

Heat necessary to change the state of water from solid to liquid.

80 calories

Front 56

What are the 3 most abundant dissolved gases in seawater

Back 56

oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide

Front 57

Where does the energy for Earth's weather come from?

Back 57

The heat released during condensation in the atmosphere.

Front 58

Zone of minimum sound velocity in which sound energy is refracted back and forth over great channels.

Back 58

Sofar channel

Front 59

What are the 6 major constituents of seawater according to their abundance by weight?

Back 59

1) chloride

2) sodium

3) sulfate

4) magnesium

5) calcium

6) potassium

Front 60

Heat is directly transmitted from its source

Back 60

convection

Front 61

Heated fluid moves and carries heat to a new location

Back 61

radiation

Front 62

What is the principle of constant proportion of seawater?

Back 62

It states ratios between major ions in open ocean waters are constant

Front 63

Energy is passed from molecule to adjacent molecule

Back 63

conduction

Front 64

What is the measure of a fluid's resistance to flow?

Back 64

visocsity

Front 65

The average kinetic energy of atoms and molecules in a substance

Back 65

temperature

Front 66

latent heat of vaporization

Back 66

540 calories

Front 67

How does sound travel in differently in water than in air? What factors influence this?

Back 67

Sound travels faster in water.

Affected by depth, temperature, salinity.

Front 68

What is the heat capacity of water?

Back 68

1 calorie to raise 1 g or water to 1˚C

Front 69

What determines heat capacity?

Back 69

Heat and mass

Front 70

Attentuation

Back 70

The decrease in light intensity over distance in water.

Front 71

What types of light attenuate rapidly in water

Back 71

red and UV

Front 72

What are the consequences of light refraction in water?

Back 72

The object observed appears to be in a different location. This is because light in entering a substance of a different density, and the light bends because water is denser than air and changes the speed of light.

Front 73

What are zones where sound cannot penetrate called?

Back 73

Sound shadow zones

Front 74

Atmospheric Pressure

Back 74

The force with which a column of overlying air presses on an area of Earth's surface.

Front 75

Low-pressure zone

Back 75

Where the density of air is less than average, atmospheric pressure is below average.

Front 76

High-pressure zones

Back 76

Regions of air with a density greater than average.

Front 77

Coriolis Effect

Back 77

The deflection of moving air relative to the Earth's surface.

Front 78

Trade Winds

Back 78

Between 0-30˚

Front 79

Westerlies

Back 79

Between 30-60˚

Front 80

Polar easterlies

Back 80

60-90˚

Front 81

Doldrums

Back 81

The area of rising air at the equator.

Front 82

Horse latitudes

Back 82

High-pressure areas at 30˚N and 30˚S

Front 83

Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

Back 83

The zone of low pressure and rising area near the equator.

Front 84

Monsoon

Back 84

Seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with the asymmetric heating of land and sea.

Front 85

Onshore Breeze

Back 85

During daylight, the land is warmed faster than the water, and the air over the water moves inland to replace it.

Front 86

Offshore breeze

Back 86

At night, the land cools rapidly, and the water becomes warmer than the land, and the air over land replaces it.

Front 87

Rain shadow

Back 87

A region having little rainfall because it is sheltered from prevailing rain-bearing winds by a range of hills.

Front 88

Orographic effect

Back 88

The control of precipitation patterns to to elevation changes.

Front 89

Hurricanes

Back 89

Intense atmospheric zones.

Front 90

Typhoon/cyclone

Back 90

A tropical storm in the region of the Indian or western Pacific oceans.

Front 91

Storm Surge

Back 91

A rising of the sea as a result of atmospheric pressure changes and wind associated with a storm.

Front 92

Storm tide

Back 92

Maximum sea surface elevation occurs when storm surge coincides with high tide.

Front 93

Mixed layer

Back 93

It is an isothermal layer--a layer of constant temperature. Active turbulence has homogenized some range of depths. The surface mixed layer is a layer where this turbulence is generated by winds, surface heat fluxes, or processes such as evaporation or sea ice formation which result in an increase in salinity.

Front 94

Thermocline

Back 94

Temperature decreases rapidly throughout much of the ocean. Frequently known as the “permanent thermocline” because seasonal changes in climate at the surface do not influence water temperature at these depths.

Front 95

Isothermal

Back 95

A layer of constant temperature

Front 96

Halocline

Back 96

Vertical zone in the oceanic water column in which salinity changes rapidly with depth, located below the well-mixed, uniformly saline surface water layer.

Front 97

Pycnocline

Back 97

Boundary separating two liquid layers of different densities.

Front 98

Stable water column

Back 98

Density of water increases with depth.

Front 99

Unstable water column

Back 99

Higher density water on top of lower density water.

Front 100

Continuity of flow

Back 100

Because water is a fixed quantity in the oceans, it cannot be accumulated at one location or removed at another location without movement of water between those locations.

Front 101

Thermohaline circulation

Back 101

The movement of seawater in a pattern of flow dependent on variations in temperature, which give rise to changes in salt content and hence in density.

Front 102

Downwelling zones

Back 102

Areas of thermohaline circulation where water sinks. Downwelling is a mechanism that transports oxygen-rich surface water to depth, where it is needed for deep-living animals.

Front 103

Upwelling zones

Back 103

Areas of rising water. Upwelling returns low oxygen-content water with dissolved, decay-produced nutrients to the surface, where the nutrients act as fertilizers to promote photosynthesis and the production of more oxygen in the sunlit surface waters.

Front 104

Convergence

Back 104

When the surface waters are driven together by the wind or against a coast. Water downwekks

Front 105

Divergence

Back 105

When the wind blows surface waters away from an area or a coast. Water upwells.

Front 106

Isopycnal

Back 106

A layer of constant density.

Front 107

Isohaline

Back 107

A layer of constant salinity.

Front 108

Water type

Back 108

Seawater samples from a common source that all plot very near each other on a T-S diagram, with a narrow range of temperature and salinity.

Front 109

Caballing

Back 109

The mixing of two water masses to produce a blend that sinks because of it is denser than its original components. This occurs when two water masses have the same density but different temperatures and salinities.

Front 110

Water mass

Back 110

A large body of water that has similar values of temperature and salinity throughout. Water masses can be identified by measuring water temperature and salinity along vertical profiles in the ocean and plotting these data on a T-S diagram.

Front 111

North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW)

Back 111

A deep water mass formed in the North Atlantic Ocean. Thermohaline circulation of the world's oceans involves the flow of warm surface waters from the southern hemisphere into the North Atlantic.

Front 112

Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW)

Back 112

A cold, relatively low salinity water mass found mostly at intermediate depths in the Southern Ocean. The AAIW is formed at the ocean surface in the Antarctic Convergence zone or more commonly called the Antarctic Polar Front zone.

Front 113

Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW)

Back 113

A type of water mass in the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica with temperatures ranging from -0.8 to 2 °C (31 °F), salinities from 34.6 to 34.7 psu.

Front 114

South Atlantic Surface Water

Back 114

Split water moving northward from north atlantic deep water.

Front 115

Mediterranean Intermediate Water

Back 115

Intermediate density water that sinks in the North Atlantic to a depth of approximately 1000 m.

Front 116

Ekman spiral

Back 116

A structure of currents or winds near a horizontal boundary in which the flow direction rotates as one moves away from the boundary.

Front 117

Ekman layer

Back 117

The layer in a fluid where there is a force balance between pressure gradient force, Coriolis force and turbulent drag.

Front 118

Ekman transport

Back 118

Coriolis effect deflects surface so it moves in direction that is shifted 45˚ from wind direction.

Front 119

Gyres

Back 119

Large, circular-motion, wind-driven current systems.

Front 120

Geostrophic flow

Back 120

A balance develops between the Coriolis force and the force arising from the horizontal water pressure gradient such that surface currents flow parallel to the contours of elevation of sea level.

Front 121

Eddie

Back 121

A current, as of water or air, moving in a direction that is different from that of the main current. Eddies generally involve circular motion; unstable patterns of eddies are often called turbulence.

Front 122

Langmuir cells

Back 122

Shallow circulation cells composed of paired right- and left-handed helixes.

Front 123

Tropical convergence

Back 123

Equator

Front 124

Subtropical convergences

Back 124

30˚-40˚ N and S

Front 125

Arctic and Antarctic Convergences

Back 125

Found at about 50˚ N and S

Front 126

Tropical and antarctic divergences

Back 126

Upwelling associated with divergences delivers nutrients to the surface waters to supply the food chains that support fisheries.

Front 127

Equatorial Circulation

Back 127

Lower latitude arms are driven by trade winds and deflected west by Coriolis.

Front 128

Coastal Upwelling

Back 128

Warm water pushed offshore, sea surface height decreases onshore, cold & high-nutrient water pulled to surface, thermocline shallower nearshore.

Front 129

Seasonal coastal upwelling

Back 129

The ocean has a lower pressure and the land has a higher pressure. Land with higher pressure means it’s winter. This is because cold air is sinking and building pressure.