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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How much does a low birthweight baby weigh?
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less than 5 ½ pounds
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What is a Zygote?
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a fertilized egg takes 0-2 weeks after conception
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what is Embryo?
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prenatal development from 2-8 weeks
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What is Fetus?
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gestational period after 8 weeks
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A pregnancy is divided into how many stages and whats it called?
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Called Trimesters (each of the 3 trimesters are approximately 12-13 weeks)
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What is Pre-Eclampsia
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a condition that can happen to a pregnant woman causing HTN, Fluid retention, protein in the urine;
can also be called “pregnancy induced Hypertension” |
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Describe A Critical Period in a point in a pregnancy?
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when a certain organ or system is devloping in the fetus. There are certain nutrients required for the proper development of this organ/system. If the nutrients are not provided during this time, the effects are irreversible. An example would be the development of the Spinal cord- Folic Acid is required during this development. If the Folic Acid is not provided the Fetus will most likely be born with a Neural Tube Defect (Anencephaly or Spina Bifida)
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The weight gain during pregnancy is considered Underweight when:
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(BMI <18.5): 28-40 lbs
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The weight gain during pregnancy is considered NORMAL when:
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(BMI = 18.5-24.9): 25-35 lbs
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The weight gain during pregnancy is considered OVERWEIGHT when:
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(BMI 25-30): 15-25 lbs
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The weight gain during pregnancy is considered OBESE when:
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(BMI >30): 10-15 lbs
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What is Pica:
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a craving for non food items, such as laundry detergent, dirt, soap, etc. This generally occurs during pregnancy and may be due to an Iron deficiency.
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What is Importance of Placenta:
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Houses the Fetus;
Amniotic Fluid: cushions the Fetus; Umbilical Cord: nutrients go into the Fetus, and waste leaves the Fetus via this |
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During Pregnancy there are increased needs for what?
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Protein, Calories (300 per day), Fat, Folate, Iron, Calcium, B12, Zinc
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What is Gestational Diabetes
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Diabetes during pregnancy. The Diabetes does go away after the baby is born, but these women are more likely to become Diabetic later in life. The difference in this diet and a normal Diabetic diet is that these women need to eat 5-6 times per day, and are not allowed to have fruit or fruit juice prior to 10 am. (we do not want to give the pregnant woman any additional sugar even if it is natural sugar)
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Women who are breastfeeding...?
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They need an additional 500 calories per day
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Benefits of breastfeeding?
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passes the mother’s immunity to the baby, and all nutrients are in the correct proportions.
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Conditions in which women should not breastfeed?
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if they are drinking alcohol, using drugs, taking certain medications, or are HIV positive or have AIDS
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Why is that No honey can be given to babies before 12 months of age?
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honey contains botulism spores which a baby’s system cannot process
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What are Common allergens?
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citrus, nuts, eggs, wheat, dairy
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Lead poisoning has been linked to?
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mental retardation
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What is the only totally preventable form of mental retardation
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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Foods that affect or make Acne worse in Teenagers are?
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chocolate, greasy foods, caffeine/dark colored beverages
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What is Food Jag
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when a toddler wants to eat only 1 thing for several days or weeks in a row
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#1 killer in America is?
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Cardiovascular Disease
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What is Nutrient needs for older adults?
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need for and absorption of everything decreases except for Vitamin A - the need for this actually increases
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Possible reasons for declining intake in older adults are?
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depression, decreased income, loss of teeth, Alzheimer’s disease or loss of memory, etc
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Older adults lose their mechanism to feel thirst. T or F
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TRUE. Its easy for the Elderly to become dehydrated as the rarely if ever feel thirsty.
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Proper introduction of Solid Foods during Infancy: (must wait at least 3 days or more between foods so that if there is an allergic reaction; you will know what food the allergy is to)
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4-6 months: single grain cereal (usually rice), vegetables, fruit-always start vegetables first
7-9 months: juice (1/2 water & ½ juice), pureed or mashed fruits/vegs, dry cereal, soft meats 10-12 months: bread, yogurt, meats; cow’s milk can be started at 12 months |
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What are Lipids:
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group of organic substances that are insoluble in water. Otherwise called fats, made up of fatty acids and glycerol.
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What are Triglycerides:
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most common type of Lipid or fat in the body and food. Consists of 3 fatty acids attached to a Glycerol backbone.
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what are Fatty Acids:
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long chains of carbon atoms bound to each other by hydrogen
• Short Chain-fewer than 6 carbons in length • Medium Chain-usually 6-12 carbons in length • Long Chain-usually ≥ 14 carbons in length |
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What are Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (Fats):
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fatty acids that contain 1 double bond (are missing 1 Hydrogen), usually liquid at room temperature, are the best types of fats for us. Examples include: nuts/seeds, olive oil, canola oil, peanut butter, avocado
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What are Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (Fats):
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fatty acids that contain more than 1 double bond (missing more than 1 Hydrogen), usually liquid at room temperature, are a good kind of fat but don’t have all of the same benefits as Monounsaturated Fats. Examples include: sunflower oil, safflower oil, vegetable oil
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What are Saturated Fatty Acids (Fats):
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fatty acids that contain no double bonds; missing no Hydrogens, usually solid at room temperature, typically come from animal sources. Examples include: cream, butter, lard, fat in milk, fat in meats, 2 plant sources are: palm oil & coconut oil. These are the worst type of fats for our health-they clog our arteries, increase our chance of heart disease.
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What are Phospholipids:
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type of lipid that contains a Glycerol backbone, and has 2 Fatty Acids attached but the third Fatty Acid is replaced by a Phosphorus. This Phosphorus makes these lipids soluble in water and soluble in Fat-they can act as transport vehicles for Fats in and out of cells. Most common Phospholipid is: Lecithin. These are also part of Bile
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What are Sterols:
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have a ring structure unlike the Triglycerides and Phospholipids (chain like structure). The most common Sterol is Cholesterol-found only in animal products. We do not need to consume cholesterol in our diet because our livers make all that we need. Cholesterol is found in all animal products.
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"Essential Fatty Acids" Linoleic Acid
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is an omega-6 fatty acid, acts as a precursor to several Eicosanoids in our body that help with blood clotting, GI motility, and the inflammatory response, found primarily in vegetable oils such as: sunflower, safflower, peanut, soy, and corn
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"Essential Fatty Acids" Linolenic Acid
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is an omega-3 fatty acid, is essential in decreasing the inflammatory response, reducing triglyceride levels and blood clotting-all of this leads to a decreased risk of heart disease; also helps with brain development in the fetus during pregnancy, found primarily in: dark green leafy vegetables, flax seed and flax seed oil, fatty fish (such as tuna, mackerel, salmon)
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What is Satiety
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the feeling of fullness or satisfaction, we often get this feeling after eating a more fatty meal
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What is Hydrogenation
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process by which Manufacturers add Hydrogen to an unsaturated fat in order to make it saturated. They often do this because a saturated fat has a longer shelf life because this new fat is solid at room temperature instead of being liquid at room temperature. Basically, they take a good fat and turn it into a bad fat.
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What is Trans Fatty Acids (Fats):
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very straight, rigid shaped fats where hydrogen atoms are attached diagonally on opposite sides of a double bond, these are formed generally during the hydrogenation process (typically something goes wrong during the process and the form of the fat changes). These are a dangerous type of fat for us to consume as our bodies try to process these like saturated fats but cannot break them down completely-consumption of these raise our blood cholesterol levels increasing our risk of heart disease and can change cell membrane function. Typically these are found in: margarines, commercially baked goods, etc
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• LDL-Low Density Lipoprotein,
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also known as “bad cholesterol” because this Lipoprotein transports fat and cholesterol towards our hearts
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• HDL-High Density Lipoprotein,
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also known as “good cholesterol” because this Lipoprotein transports fat and cholesterol away from our hearts to be eliminated from our bodies
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What is Smoking Point
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the temperature at which a fat starts to smoke,
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Fats Usefulness in the Body and Food?
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used as an insulation against cold
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What is Oxidation
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chemical reaction in which compounds are broken down into their component atoms.
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What is Antioxidants
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helps prevent against oxidation in our bodies and thereby reduce our risk of heart disease and cancer.
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Risk Factors for CVD?
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family history, gender (males are more likely to have this), age (risk increases as we age), sedentary lifestyle (lack of exercise), diet high in fat especially saturated fat, smoking, high blood pressure
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The four basic chemical tastes are?
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sweet, salty, sour, bitter
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Digestion begins in the?
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mouth
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The main function of the large intestine is to absorb?
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water
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The enzyme that begins starch digestion is: ___________
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Amylase
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Malnutrition includes:
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underweight
overweight/obesity deficiencies of vitamins/minerals |
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The UL for Nutrients is:
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Tolerable Upper Intake Level
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80-90% of Digestion occurs in:
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small intestine
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small intestine
Most of the digestive enzymes come from: |
Pancreas & Liver
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Mastication means to swallow. T or F
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FASLE
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The essential nutrients are: protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamins, minerals, water. T or F
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TRUE
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The media rarely influences peoples’ food choices. T or F
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FALSE
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Nutrients traveling through the lymph system travel through the liver. T or F
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FALSE
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The most basic needs of cells are: energy, oxygen, and water. T or F
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TRUE
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carbohydrate:?
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4 calories/gram
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Fat:?
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e. 9 calories/gram
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alcohol:?
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7 calories/gram
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What is peristalsis
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muscular contractions in the intestines
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What is Chyme
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fluid like material of food during
digestion |
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What is Sphincter
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valve between 2 parts of the GI tract
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What is Bile
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emulsifier
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