Nutrition Carrington #5

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For patients with diverticulosis who are not experiencing active inflammation and infection, the recommended diet is

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high in fiber

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When consuming a high-fiber diet it is improtant to also consume adequate amounts of

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fluid

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Gas in the colon may often be caused by

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fermentation of foods by intestinal bacteria

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A common dietary cause of constipation is

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inadequate intakes of dietary fiber and fluids

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An example of a high-fiber breakfast is

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oatmeal and whole-wheat toast with jam

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Chronic diarreha is usually caused by

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GI irritation or malabsorption

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Treatment of diarrhea generally begins with

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adequate fluids to hydrate patient

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The basic meal plan for inflammatory bowel disease should be

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high kcal, high protien

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Patients with inflammatory bowel disease may benefit from a high-fiber diet during

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times of remission

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Fluid loss is most lokely to be a problem for a patient with

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an ileostomy

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When the entire colon and rectum have been removed, the patient would have

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ian ileostomy

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As effluent progresses through the colon, it becomes more

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solid

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Short-bowel syndrome occurs in patients who have under gone removal of large portions of the

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small intestine

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Patients with short-bowel syndrome sometimes require parenteral nutrtions support to achieve adequate intakes of nutrients and kcal. It is important for them to return to enteral feedings to prevent

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atrophy of the GI tract

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Infection and inflammation of pouchlike protrusions from the muscualr laryer of the colon is known as

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diverticulitis

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Nutrtion therapy for peptic ulcers should be individualized, but most patients should

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avoid caffeine

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Patients who have undergone total or partia gastrectomy may experiance

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dumping syndrome

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Medical nutrition therapy for dumping syndrome includes

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drinking liquids between meals and limiting intake of simple carohydrates

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Patients with celiac disease should avoid foods that contain

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wheat, rye, and barely

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An example of a meal that may contain gluten is

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meatloaf with mashpotatos

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Individuals with lactose intolerance may tolerate good that contain small amounts of lactose if they are

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consumed with other foods

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Milk may be make suitable for paitents with lactose intolerance by treating it with tablets that contain

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lactase enzyme

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Major symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease include

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diarrhea and abdominal pain

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The purpose of diet therapy for patients with dysphagia is to avoid

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aspiration

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The three stages of swallowing are the

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oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases

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In patients with swallowing problems, the safest position for eatinga nd drinking is

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sitting upright

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A nurse may suspect that a patient has difficulty swallowing if he or she

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coughs frequently before and after swallowing

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If it is left untreated, hastroesophageal refluz disease (GERD) may lead to

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esophagitis

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Food and beverages that tend to relax the lower esophageal sphincter and allow gastroesophageal reflux include

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chocolate, high-fat foods, and tomato products

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Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is more common in individuals who are chromic users of

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nonsterodial antiinflammatory drugs

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A common disorder in patients who abuse alcohol is

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fatty liver

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It is possible to reverse fatty inflitration of the liver by

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removing the underlying cause

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A symptom that is common to all types of hepatitis is

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dehydration

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The recommended diet for patients with hepatitis A or B is a well-balanced diet with

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no alchoholic beverages

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If a client will be traveling oversease and wishes to avoid infections with hep E, he or she should be advised to avoid eating

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raw fruits and vagetables

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For patients with hepatitis, a significant barrier to maintaining an adequate intake of kcal is

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loss of appetite

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In cirrhosis of the liver, liver cells

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are replaced by accumulation of fibrous connective tissue and fat

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A low-fiber, soft diet is recommened for patients with

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esophageal varices

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Patients with ascities should restrict their intake of

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sodium

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If a patient with cirrhosis of the liver becomes confused and apathetic, he or she may be developing

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hepatic encephalopathy

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Drugs that are used to treat hepatic encephalopathy include

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neomycin and lactulose

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Moderate alchohol intke is generally definded as

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1-2 drinks per day

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Mderate daily alcohol intake may help reduce risk of

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heart disease

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If a patent with cirrhosis of the liver seems to be vulnerable to development of hepatic encephalopathy, dies may be supplemented with a formula that contains

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branched-chain amino acids

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An adequate kcal intake is especially improtant for patients with cirrhoisis of the liver to prevent

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muscle catabolism

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A patient with end stage liver disease may lose fat sotres and muscle mass, but this may not be evident from measurements of body weight because of

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ascites and edema

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After liver trasplantation, long-term nutrtion management may need to be tailored to help prevent

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excessive weight gain, hpertension and hyperlipidemia

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An example of an individual who may be at high risk for gall stones is a

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mother with four children who has lost 25 pounds in the past 3 months

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Cholecystitis is caused by

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blockage of the bile duct by gallstomes, bacterial infection, or ischemia

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If a patient experiences chronic symptoms of cholelithiasis and cholecystitis, the recommened nutrtion therapy is

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a low fat diet

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After surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy), long-term dietary recommendations are

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a well balanced diet with no other restrictions

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Pancreatitis results in

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decreased production of digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, causeing malabsorption of fats and proteins

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During acute episodes of pancreatitis, pateints often require

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enteral or parenteral nutrition

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When patients wtih pancreatitis are able to tolerate enteral feeding, the recommeneded formula is usually a

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low-fat elemental formula infused into the jejunum

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Cystic fibrosis is caused by

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a genetic defect

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Most patients ith cystic fibrosis require a

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high-kcal diet, multivitamin supplements, and enzyme replacement therapy

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One of the most important tools for coping with the reality of a serious chronic disease such as cystic fibrosis is

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having a sense of humor

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Infants with cystic fibrosis

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may be breastfed with use of enzyme replacement therapy

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A bottle of beer and contains 13 g of carbs and 6 g of alcohol provides

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164 kcal

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For women with DM type 1, good metabolic control is especially important at the time of conception and during the first trimester to prevent

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fetal malformations

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Most Children who develop type 2 diabetes are treated using diet, exercise, and

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oral hypoglycemic agents

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Patients with type 1 diabetes should be taught to regulate the

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total amount of carbohydrates in meals and snacks

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Meal planning approaches used in the Diabetes control and comlications trial include

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counting carbohydrates

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Sugar alcohol appears to be safe for use as sweetening agents, bt their use may

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cause diarreha

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To facilitate compliance the perscribed meal plan for patients with diabetes mellitus should

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be based on the patients usual eating habits

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During illness patients with type 1 diabetes are likely to need

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more insulin

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Patients with type 1 diabetes who are sick and unable to eat should consume

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liquid, semiliquid, or soft sources of carbohydrates

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Patients with diabetes and gastroparesis may benefit from

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six small meals daily

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Control of maternal BG levels is important during pregnancy to protect the infeant from development of

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macosomia

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Patients with type 2 diabetes are most likely to maintain good meabolic control if they

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space their meals evenly through the day

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Glycosylated hemoglobin level is used to indicate

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overall blood glucose control over several weeks

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A young man with type 1 diabetes runs 3 miles, falls asleep on the sofa, and forgets to eat his next meal, He is likely to experience

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hypoglycemia

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Symptoms of Low BG's are usually experienced when the blood glucose level falls below

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50 mg/dL

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Diabetic ketoacidosis may occur in a patient with type 1 diabetes who

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goes away for the weekend and forgets to take his insulin

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Ketones accumulate in the blood during diabetic ketoacidosis because of

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increased metabolism of fatty acids and decreased metabolism of glucose

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Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome is charaterized by hyperglycemia

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without ketosis

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American Diabetes Association goals for individuals at risk for type 2 include

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increasing physical activity and moderate weight loss

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Type 2 diabetes is becoming more prevalent in children, largely because of

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the increasing prevalence of overweight children

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For individuals with diabetes mellitus, glycosylated hemoglobin HgbA1c levels shuld be less than

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7 %

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The ethnic grop that has the lowest prevalence of type 2 diabetes is

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non-Hispanic whites

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Exogenous insulin is a required part of treatment for all individuals with

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type 1 diabetes mellitus

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The main difference between the different types of exogenous insulin is

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the length of time they take to act in the body

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Sulfonylureas and glipizides decrease blood glucose levels by

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stimulating insulin secretion

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Patients with diabetes mellitus should exerciseat times when thier blood glucose level is

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between 100 and 200 mg/dL

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To prevent hypoglycemia after exercise, patients with type 1 diabetes should

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increase their intake of carbohydrate-based foods

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A person is diagnosed as having diabetes if his fasting blood gucose level on two occasions is greater than

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126 mg/dL

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Long-term complicatins of diabetes mellitus include

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retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy

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The type of diabetes therapy that seems to be most effective in decreasing and delaying the comlications of diabetes is

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intensive therapy

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The cause of type 1 diabetes is

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destruction of pancreatic beta cells

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The two strongest risk factors for type 2 are

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obestiy and family history

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In individuals with type 2 diabetes, insulin production is generally

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increased

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Most patients with acute respiratory failure require enteral of parenterl nutrtion support because they

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require mechanical ventilation

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When using parenteral nturtion support for patient with acute resp failure, it is improtant to avoid use of high glucose concetrations because

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they result in excess carbon dioxide production

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The pain pupose of nutrition therapy for patients who have just experianced a myocardial infarction is to decrease

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the workload of the heart

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One or 2 days after the myocardial infarctin, patients are likely to best tolerate

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smail, frequant meals

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For patients with congestive heart failure, nutrition therapy focuses on

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restriction of dietary sodium intake

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If patients with congestive heart failure experience cardiac cachexia, it is important to make sure that they have adequate intakes of

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energy and protein

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Whenever possible, dietary education to decrease risk of coronary heart disease should include

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the entire family

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Compared with a comparable regular food, a food product that calins to be 'light' must contain

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33% fewer kcal or 50% less fat

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Malnourished patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may require protien intakes in the range of

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1.6-2.5 g/kg body weight

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The respiratory quotient may be decreased by increasing the proportion of energy intake from

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fat

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The first step in therapy to reduce the risk for coronary heart disease is

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nutrtion therapy

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Drug therapy should be initiated at the same time as therapeutic lifestyle changes only in patients who

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have severe hypercholesterolemia

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Primary or essential hypertension is caused by

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unknown factors

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A patient has hypertension if his or her blood pressure is greater than

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140/90 mm Hg

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Before drug therapy is considered, pts with mild to moderate hypertension should attempt to lower thier BP with lifestyle modifications for

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3-6 months

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Risks of hypertension may be decreased by increasing intake of foods that are good sources of

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potassium, magnesium, and calcium

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For most people, th emost effective way to lower high BP is to

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achieve and maitian a healthy weight

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In America, most dietary sodium comes from

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salt added to foods during processing

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Serum triglyceride levels are considered to be normal if thye are

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<150 mg/dL serum Triglyceride

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Risk of cardiovascular disease is inversely associated with level of

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high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol

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Therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLCs) recommended to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease include reduced intake of

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saturated fats

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Each 1% increase in dietary kcal from saturated fats is associated with an increase in LDL choleserol level of about

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2%

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Most dietary fat should be in the form of

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monounsaturated fat

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The type of fiber that is most effective in helping to decrease LDL cholesterol levels os

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soluble fiber

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Therapeutic lifestyle changes to decrease the risk of cornonary heart disease include limiting dietary cholesterol intake to less than

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200 mg/day

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A dietary change that is likely to have a significant effect on reducing the risk of coronary heart disease is

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switching to oatmeal for breakfast

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Risk factors for cardiovascular disease that make be modified by dietary or other lifestyle changes include

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physical inactivity

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The term arteriosclerosis refers to

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thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification of arterial walls

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If a patient has a thrombosis in a cerebral artery, he would experiance

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a stroke

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Peripheral vascular disease occurs when atherosclerosis causes blockages in the

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abdominal aorta, iliac arteries, and femoral arteries

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Cholesterol travels in the bloodstream in

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lipoproteins

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Goals of therapy to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease focus on lowering levels of

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LDL cholesterol

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A desirable serum total cholesterol level is

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<200 mg/dL