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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lymph
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the fluid that moves from the bloodstream into tissue spaces and then travels in its own vessels, which eventually drain back into the bloodstream
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Arteries
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blood vessels that carry blood containing fresh oxygen supplies from the heart to the tissues
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Veins
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blood vessels that carry blood, with the carbon dioxide it has collected, from the tissues back to the heart
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Five basic chemical tastes
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Sweet, sour, bitter, salty and umami
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Digestive system pathway I (Mouth to Stomach)
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1. Mouth (salivary glands - starch digesting enzyme)
- Chews and mixes food with saliva 2. Esophagus - Passes food to stomach 2a. Liver - Manufactures bile, that digests fats - Gall bladder stores bile - Bile duct conducts bile to small intestine 2b. Pancreas - Manufactures enzymes to digest all energy-yielding nutrients. - Releases bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid that enters small intestine 3. Stomach - Add acids, enzymes, and fluid - Churns, mixes and grinds food to a liquid mass |
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Digestive system pathway II (Small intestine to Anus)
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4. Small intestine
- Secretes enzymes that digest carbohydrate, fat and protein - Cells lining intestine absorb nutrients into blood and lymph 4. Large intestine (colon) - Reabsorbs water and minerals - Passes waste and some water to rectum 5. Rectum - Stores waste prior to elimination 6. Anus - Holds rectum closed - Opens to allow elimination |
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Mechanical digestion
- Mouth - Stomach & Intestines - Sphincter muscle - Pyloric valve - Large intestine |
Mouth
- Large, solid food pieces such as bites of meat are torn into shreds that can be swallowed - Also adds water in form of saliva Stomach and intestines - Takes up the task of liquefying foods through various mashing and squeezing actions - This actions is called Peristalsis Sphincter muscle - Squeezes the opening at the entrance to the stomach to narrow it and prevent the stomach's contexts from creeping back up the esophagus Pyloric valve - Controls the exit for the chyme into the small int. Large intestine - Reabsorbs the water donated earlier by digestive organs and absorb minerals |
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Chemical digestion
- Mouth - Stomach - Intestine (Small) |
Mouth
- An enzyme in saliva breaks down starch (polysacc) - Another enzyme initiates a little digestion of fat Stomach - Protein digestion begins - Gastric juice (water, enzymes and HCl) initiates the digestion of protein --> Main function Small intestine - Hormonal messengers signal the gallbladder to contract and to squirt bile (emulsifier) into the intestine to digest fats - Other hormones notify the pancreas to release pancreatic juice (bicarbonate) to neutralize the stomach acid - Secretes enzymes that digest fat, carbohydrate and protein |
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Which organ does both mechanical and chemical digestion?
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Mouth and stomach (Intestine)
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Normal blood pH range
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7.35 ~ 7.45
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Digestions: carbohydrates? proteins? fats?
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Carbohydrates - in the mouth (saliva)
- Starch --> Disaccharide / Monosaccharide Proteins - in the stomach (gastric juice - Proteins --> Chyme Fats - in the small intestine (bile) |
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Letter from digestive tract
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- Eat/drink too fast --> Hiccups
- Overeating --> Heartburn - Antacids only relive pain temporaily - Constipation may cause hemorrhoids |
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Alcohol affects the liver
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1. Fatty liver
- Liver speeds up its production of fats - Liver deterioration 2. Fibrosis - Fibrous scar tissue invades the liver - Reversible 3. Cirrhosis - Liver cells harden, turn orange and die - Not reversible! |
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Alcohol's long-term effects on the body
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1. Effects in pregnancy
- Longest-term effects of alcohol are those felt by the child of a woman who drinks during pregnancy 2. Effects on heart and brain - Alcohol is toxic to skeletal and cardiac muscle - Makes heart disease likely - Heart gets bloated (twice as much) - Alcohol and its metabolic products attack brain cells --> can result in dementia 3. Cancer - Even moderate drinking increases the chances of developing cancers of breast, colon and rectum, esophagus, liver, mouth, pancreas, prostate gland, stomach, throat - Red wine is safer for women? --> WRONG, MYTH |
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Alcohol good?
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Drinking a drink or two MAY benefit middle-aged population
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Functions of kidneys
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- The kidneys straddle the cardiovascular system and filter the passing blood
- Waste materials, dissolved in water are collected by the kidneys' working units, the NEPHRONS - Regulate the fluid volume and concentrations of substances in the blood - Kidneys help to regulate BLOOD PRESSURE - Kidney's work is regulated by hormones secreted by the glands |
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Storage systems
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- Body tissues store excess energy-containing nutrients in two forms: GLYCOGEN and body fat
- Liver glycogen can sustain (지속) cell activities when the intervals between meals become long |
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Which of the following cells releases antibodies into the bloodstream?
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B-cells
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The sensations of hunger and appetite are perceived by the ________?
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Brain's cortex
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The function of the hypothalamus?
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Monitors many body conditions, including the availability of nutrients and water
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The average time food spends in the stomach is
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1 to 2 hours
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All blood leaving the digestive system is routed directly to the _________
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Liver
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All of the following can affect the rate of alcohol clearance from the body, EXCEPT:
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AGE
- The liver can process about ½ ounce of blood ethanol per hour, depending on the person’s body size, previous drinking experience, food intake, gender, and general health. |
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Protein digestion begins in the __________
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Stomach
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_____ allow materials to be exchanged between the blood and tissues, _____ carry blood towards the heart, and _____ carry blood away from the heart
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Capillaries, veins, arteries
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