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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Confirmatory Studies
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Research in which a relationship between variables has been posed and the study is designed to examine this hypothesis. Are more structured, and controlled than exploratory; used to determine relationships or examine causality.
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Correlation Research
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Research designed to quantify the strength and direction of the relationship of two variables in a single subject or the relationship between a single variable in two samples.
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Dependent Variable
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An outcome of interest that occurs after the introduction of an independent variable the EFFECT of cause and EFFECT! Is the OUTCOME variable, the researcher is interested in understanding, explaining, or predicting.
ex: does smoking cause LUNG CANCER Does a review in research class improve TEST SCORES |
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Descriptive Studies
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Research designed to describe in detail some process, event, or outcome. Such a design is used when very little is known about the research question.
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Descriptive Variables
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Characteristics that describe the sample and provide a composite picture of the subjects of the study; they are NOT MANIPULATED or controlled by the researcher. Describes characteristics of the sample. Can represent demographic data or measurable characteristics (weight/BP).
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Exploratory Studies
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Research to explore and describe a phenomenon of interest and generate new knowledge
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Extraneous Variables
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Factors that EXERT AN EFFECT on the outcome but that are not part of the planned experiment and MAY CONFUSE the interpretation of the results. Considered the contaminant or rival variable! The most problematic ones are those that can not be predicted, controlled and go unrecognized.
ex: In a study on the effect of a mother’s age on the rate of premature births, (social class, and ethnicity, nutrition) would be extraneous variables |
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Independent Variable
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A factor that is artificially introduced into a study explicitly to measure an expected effect; the CAUSE of CAUSE and effect. Is manipulated in the research as it is the one introduced.
Ex: Does SMOKING cause lung cancer Does a REVIEW in research class improve test outcomes |
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Predictive Research
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Research designed to search for variables measured at one point in time that may forecast an outcome that is measured at a different point in time. Search for variables that can explain or predict an outcome.
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Research Design
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The overall approach to or outline of the study that details all the major components of the research
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Variable
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Characteristic event, or response that represents the elements of the research question in a detectable or measurable way.
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Heterogeneous groups
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When the attributes of the study are extremely varied with respect to the variable
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Homogenous groups
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The attributes of the study are limited with respect to the variable.
Example: The variable of heights in 2yr olds is more likely to be homogeneous than heights of a group of 18yr olds |
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Design Criteria for Causality
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Temporality, Influence, Control specificity
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Temporality
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Cause must precede effect
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Influence
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Must establish the probability that the cause influenced the outcome
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Control Specificity
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All rival explanations are ruled out
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Bias in Research
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True findings distorted due to a factor other than the one studied. Can affect the quality in both qualitative and quantitative studies.
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Factors that result in bias in research studies
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May be due to:
Participant’s lack of candor, Researcher subjectivity, Sample imbalances, Faulty methods of data collection, Inadequate study design, Flawed implementation, Researcher, measurements, subjects, procedures, analysis, extraneous variables. |
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Design elements include:
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The sampling strategy (random assignment vs purposeful sampling)
The measurement strategies The data collection plan The data analysis plan |
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Evaluating a Study Design
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Look at the methods section!
Is it complete, accurate, and thorough Did the experiment lead to the results Can the study be replicated Can there be comparisons across studies |
