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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
largest part of the brain
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cerebrum
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_______ (outermost surface) makes up about 80% if tge brain.
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cortex
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________- divided into right and left hemispheres, each controls funtioning mainly on the opposite side of the body. each hemisphere is divided into lobes that function in a coordinating way.
thick cellular layers mixed with blood vessels giving grayish color (gray mater) |
Cerebrum
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______lobes- highest level of functioning, which make up a large part of what we call personality
-functions include: working memory, ability to plan and initiate activity, insight, judgment, reasoning, problem solving skills, abstraction, modulations of impulses (keeping emotions in check, in control) |
Frontal lobe of the cerebrum
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_________system- emotional center of the brain.
basic emotions and needs begin and are modulated here (heat, love, anger, aggression, caring, fear) |
Limbic system
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_________- mainly stores information, especially emotions attached to memory. deterioration of this and other related structures is found in Alzheimers disease.
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Hippocampus
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__________- relay-switching center of the brain. relays all sensory information, except smell to cortex. Prevents sensory overload. Allows concentration on one thing.
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Thalamus
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__________- regulates basic human activities (sleep-rest patterns, body temp, hunger, sex, appetite, thirst) Directly connected to pituitary and works with the pituitary in regulating endocrine system. Involved in the control of autonomic nervous system.
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Hypothalamus
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_______-provides emotional component to memory and involved in modulation of aggression and sexuality. Impulsive acts of aggression and violence have been linked to problems.
Focus of research into bipolar disorder. |
Amygdala
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____________- plays role in biologic basis of addiction. referred to as pleasure center or reward center. emotions such as feeling satified with good food, pleasure of nurturing young, enjoyment of sexual activity orginate here.
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Limbic midbrain nuclei
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Autonomic nervous system (ANS) is regulated by the ______________
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hypothalamus
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_________- prepares for fight or flight (increase heart rate / respirations, decrease digestion, and shunts blood to vital organs and skeletal muscles for increased oxygen)
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Sympathetic
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___________- dominates non-stressful times, normalizes heart rate, blood pressure, digestion and elimination
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Parasympathetic
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________- basic unit or nervous system.
-about 10 billion -complexities of brain are due to enormous number of neurochemical interconnections and interactions between neurons |
Neuron
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Type of Neuron-______________-
-send messages from receptors to brain |
sensory
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Type of neuron_____________-
send messages from brain to muscles and glands |
Motor
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Type of neuron_____________-
-about 99% of all neurons -provide integrators between sensory and motor data |
associative
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Type of cell_________________-
-not neurons -lipid substance (give white appearance to brain) that support and nourish -make up about 90% of brain -probably have other functions that are unknown |
Glial cells
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Microstructure of Neuron-
___________- maintains life of cells -contains the nucleus (contains most of cells genetic information) -makes neurotransmitters |
Cell body
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Microstructure of neuron:
_________- contains some proteins that have water filled channels through which inorganic ions may pass (common ones are Na, K, Ca, Cl) -each ion has a specific channel through which it passes. the channels are voltage gated and thus open/close in response to changes in an electrical potential (impulse) |
Cell membrane
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Microstructure of Neuron-
_________- extremely long -covered by myelin sheath (insulates against short circuiting and increases velocity) |
Axon
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Microstructure of Neuron-
___________- more than 10,000 branches on each neuron. -stores neurotransmitters |
Nerve endings (terminals)
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Microstructure of Neuron-
___________- junction between two neurons called synaptic cleft space where electrical intracellular signal becomes a chemical extra-cellular signal. |
synapse
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Microstructure of Neuron-
___________- chemical messengers -small molecules that directly and indirectly control the opening or closing of ion channels |
Neurotransmittors
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Microstructure of Neurons-
_______________- specific to neurotransmittor released -inactivates neurotransmittor so impulse doesn't continue |
Deactivating enzymes
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Neuron at rest- inside is electrically _________ charged
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negatively
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neuron at rest- outside is electically _________ charged
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positively
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chemical stimuli at the receptor sites causes the cell membrane to become more _________(depolarized) at that site allowing easier movement of ions (mainly sodium and potassium) through their channels across the membrane
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permeable
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as impulse reaches terminals in axon, calcium ion channels are opened and an increase in calcium stimulates the release of ___________________ into the synapse
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neurotransmitters
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the impulse ends its travel and the cell membrane is returned to polarization status (______________)
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repolarized
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