Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
What is radiation?
|
The emission of energy through space or matter
What is ionizing radiation? |
radiation that creates an ion pair, when an electron is removed or added, potentially damaging cells in tissue
|
|
|
What are the 2 main types of radiation?
|
Particulate: beta, alpha
Electromagnetic: gamma, x-ray Which is more damaging to living tissue? |
particulate
|
|
|
What is coherent or classical scatter?
|
photon is absorbed by electron causing it to change direction
how much radiation does this account for? |
5%
|
|
|
What is photoelectric effect?
|
Incident photon penetrates inner shell electron causing it to leave atom causing it to be replaced by next shell electron releasing energy
|
|
|
|
What is characteristic radiation?
|
when k shell electron is removed and replaced by l shell electron that specific amount of energy released is specific to that element
|
|
|
|
What is pair production?
|
high energy photon (at least 1.2 MeV) causes a pair of electrons to be created: 1 neg and 1 positive(positron or antimatter). this does not last long and emits a specific radiation signature.
what scan is this process used in? |
PET scan
|
|
|
What is Compton effect?
|
Removal of outer shell electron resulting in low energy radiation. this is what causes scatter in radiographs
|
|
|
|
What results in damage to living tissue most of the time?
|
Free radicals, which are non-charged ions, attaching to cells in a damaging manner
|
|
|
|
What are the units of absorbed dose?
|
rads which are 100 ergs/g
gray = 100 rads or 1 J/kg what is a lethal dose? |
400 rads or 4 gray (will kill 50% of people within 60 days)
|
|
|
Explain direct vs indirect ionizing radiation
|
indirect is from gamma and x-rays with intermediary and direct is from protons, beta and alpha particles
with no intermediary what is a spur or blob? |
secondary ionization along radiation track in water
|
|
|
Cell division happens during what phase?
|
mitosis
when not in mitosis what phase is cell in? |
interphase
|
|
|
3 parts to interphase?
|
G1, S, G2
explain each one |
G1-resting phase, cell growth, preparation for DNA replication
S- DNA replication G2-resting phase, more growth |
|
|
4 phases during mitosis?
|
Prophase-nucleus dissapears, chromitids attached by centrioles
Metaphase - chomosomes on equator Anaphase- chomatids to opposite poles Telaphase-chomosomes reached opposite poles, nuclear membranes forming and cytokinesis begins |
|
|
|
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
|
mitosis for diploid somatic cell and meiosis same process with haploid cell, 23 chromosomes and 2nd division occurs
|
|
|
|
What is mutation?
|
caused by a change in number or structure of chromosomes
|
|
|
|
What is LET?
|
Linear Energy Transfer
the number of ionizations caused along a radiation track per unit of length |
|
|
|
The ________ the LET the ________the distance the particle travels in tissue
|
The greater the LET the shorter the distanced the particle travels in tissue.
|
|
|
|
What is the difference between neutrons and photons and how they interact with tissue?
|
both are indirect and non-charged but photons interact with orbital shell electrons while neutrons interact with nucleus and are more densely ionizing
|
|
|
|
How many chromosomes in each somatic cell in the body?
|
23 pair or 46, also known as diploid cells
how many in a reproductive or haploid or germ cell? |
23
|
|
|
What is half of a chromosome called?
|
Chromatid
Where does a cell spend most of its lifecycle? |
Interphase
|
|
|
Cell division happens during what phase?
|
mitosis
when not in mitosis what phase is cell in? |
interphase
|
|
|
When a cell has a complete set of chromosomes duplicated it is said to be in a ________state, otherwise know as a condition called ________.
|
When a cell has a complete set of chromosomes duplicated it is said to be in a Euploid state, otherwise know as a condition called polyploidy.
|
|
|
|
A disturbance in the chromosome number is associated with certain forms of __________?
|
cancer
|
|
|
|
What is aneuploidy?
|
gain or loss of individual chromosomes from set of 46.
what are the names of the conditions of loss of chromosome, gain of chromosome? |
gain of 1: monosomy
loss of 1: trisomy |
|
|
What are the 3 variations in chromosome structure called?
|
1. Deletion-causing frameshift
2. Duplication -single segment repeated 3. Rearrangement-shifting resulting in translocation or inversion what do these have to do with cancer? |
all of these may occur in combination with each other, a common occurance in various forms of cancer
|
