Nonverbal Communication Test 2

Front 1

Territoriality

Back 1

Behavior characterized by identification with a geographic area in a way that indicates ownership and defense of this territory against perceived "invaders."

Front 2

Three types of territory

Back 2

Primary, secondary, public

Front 3

Primary territories

Back 3

Clearly the exclusive domain of the owner. Central to the daily functioning of the owner and carefully guarded against intruders.

Front 4

What kind of territory is the invisible buffer zone around our bodies?

Back 4

Primary territory

Front 5

What kind of territory are homes or bedrooms? (Also personal effects like jackets, purses, dependent children)

Back 5

Primary territory

Front 6

Secondary territories

Back 6

Objects that can be claimed temporarily by people; not central to the daily life of the owner or perceived as clearly exclusive to the owner.

Front 7

What are examples of secondary territories?

Back 7

Magazine, television set, eating utensils, neighborhood bars.

Front 8

More frequent conflicts are apt to develop over which kinds of territories?

Back 8

Secondary territories (boundaries between private and public blurred)

Front 9

Public territories

Back 9

Available to almost anyone for temporary ownership

Front 10

What kind of territories are park benches, streets, seats on public transportation, telephone booths, a place in line, or an unobstructed line of vision to see a particular object of interest?

Back 10

Public territories

Front 11

Temporary occupancy

Back 11

Relates to public territories and our ownership of them.

Front 12

Different types of encroachment:

Back 12

Violation, invasion, contamination

Front 13

Violation

Back 13

Involves the unwarranted use of aonther's public territory.

Front 14

What kind of encroachment happens with someone's eyes (staring), with the voice (talking loudly on a cell phone) or with the body (taking up two subway seats)?

Back 14

Violation

Front 15

Invasion

Back 15

More all-encompassing and permanent encroachment. It is an attempt to take another's territory.

Front 16

What kind of encroachment would be invasion of another country or the act of a wife who has turned her husband's den into her computer room?

Back 16

Invasion

Front 17

Contamination

Back 17

Defiling another's territory, not by our presence but by what we leave behind.

Front 18

What kind of encroachment are someone's dog feces in our yards and finding food particles on "our" silverware in restaurants?

Back 18

Contamination

Front 19

Prevention

Back 19

A means of staking out our territory.

Front 20

Crowding

Back 20

An idiosyncratic response to population density. It is a perception relating to early childhood socialization, geography.

Front 21

What determines a sense of crowding?

Back 21

Population density, early childhood socialization, geography.

-Environmental factors such as reduced space, unwanted noise, absence of territorial markers like screens or partitions.
-Personal factors such as gender, self-esteem, dominance, desire for social contact
-Social factors such as a high frequency of unwanted social contact from many people at close quarters
-Goal-related factors, such as the inability to accomplish what is desired.

Front 22

Ways of coping with crowding:

Back 22

Shrinking our territory by isolating ourselves. Setting up barriers.

Front 23

Density

Back 23

Number of people per unit of space.

Front 24

What is the difference between density and crowding?

Back 24

Density is the number of people per unit of space; crowding is a feeling state that may develop in high- or low-density situations.

Front 25

Types of space identified by Edward T. Hall:

Back 25

Informal (personal, interpersonal) space divided into four subcategories: intimate, casual-personal, social-consultative, and public

Front 26

Hall's distances according to professor:

Back 26

Intimate, conversational, social, public

Front 27

Intimate zone

Back 27

0-18 inches

Front 28

Conversational (personal) zone

Back 28

18 inches-arm's length

Front 29

Social zone

Back 29

4-6 feet

Front 30

Public zone

Back 30

7-8 feet and beyond

Front 31

What does conversational distance depend on?

Back 31

Is it this list? I don't know.

1. Sex (one area of conclusive study)
2. Ages (older you get, more you prefer closer ranges)
3. Cultural and ethnic background
4. Topic or subject matter
5. Setting for the interaction
6. Physical characteristics (some approached more easily)
7. Attitudinal emotional orientation
8. Characteristics of the interpersonal relationship
9. Personality characteristics

Front 32

Matching hypothesis

Back 32

Argues that each person may be attracted to only the best-looking partners, but reality sets in when actual dates are made. You may face an unwanted rejection if you select only the best-looking person available, so the tendency is to select a person similar to yourself in physical attractiveness.

The least good-looking people must settle for each other after all the most good-looking people choose each other.

Front 33

What attractive faces have in common:

Back 33

They approximate the mathematical average of all faces in a particular population. Or, sometimes they tend to emphasize those features associated with physically attractive faces (fuller than average lips, etc.)
Also the principal of symmetry.

Front 34

Symmetry

Back 34

On faces, all midpoints meet and roughly form a verticle line. Horizontal symmetry is also calculated. Symmetrical faces were chosen as the most attractive in a study.

Front 35

Three body types:

Back 35

Endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy

Front 36

Endomorph

Back 36

Rated fatter, older, shorter, old-fashioned, less strong physically, less good looking, etc.

Front 37

Mesomorph

Back 37

Rated stronger, more masculine, better looking, younger, taller, mature

Front 38

Ectomorph

Back 38

Thinner, younger, ambitious, taller, more suspicious, tense and nervous, less masculine, more stubborn and inclined to be difficult

Front 39

What kind of body type to people generally prefer?

Back 39

Mesomorph

Front 40

Conclusions about height

Back 40

Long a metaphor for power and prestige.

Front 41

Three dominant perceptions associated with height:

Back 41

Status, attractiveness, competence

Front 42

Do studies show that taller people are more persuasive?

Back 42

No

Front 43

Body hair and discrimination

Back 43

Length of aperson's hair can dramatically affect perceptions and human interaction.

Front 44

Artifacts

Back 44

Badges, tattoos, masks, earrings, jewelry people use to adorn themselves. Potential communicative stimuli.

Front 45

Functions that clothing fulfill:

Back 45

Decoration, protection (both physical and psychological), sexual attraction, self-assertion, self-denial, concealment, group identification, persuasion, attitude, ideology, mood reflection/creation, authority, status or role display.

Front 46

Gestures

Back 46

Gestures are movements made by the body or some part of it (typically thought of as arm and hand movements, also head gestures. They may replace speech, regulate the flow and rhythm of interaction, maintain attention, and add emphasis or clarity to speech, help characterize and make memorable the content of speech, act as forecasters, help speakers access and formulate speech.

Front 47

Speech independent

Back 47

Known as emblems.

Front 48

Emblems

Back 48

Speech-independent (nonverba) acts that have a direct verbal translation or dictionary definition, usually consisting of a word or to or a phrase. (yes, no, come here, etc.)

Front 49

Speech-related gestures

Back 49

Sometimes called illustrators, are directly tied to or accompany speech. Referent-related gestures.

Front 50

Phonemic clause

Back 50

The smallest unit in spoken language. This group of words, averaging about five in length, has only one primary stress, which is indicated by changes in pitch, rhythm, or loudness, and it is terminated by a juncture.

Front 51

Kinesic markers

Back 51

noverbal behaviors that makr a specific oral language behavior. Eye blink at the beginning and end of some words, microlateral head sweep, etc. Gross shifts in postural behavior.

Front 52

Functions of a punctuation gesture

Back 52

May accent, emphasize, and organize important segments of discourse. Such a segment may be a single word or a large utterance unit. can organize the stream of speech into units.(Eyebrow flash, pounding a fist, etc._

Front 53

What must be present to have an emblem verified?

Back 53

At least 70 percent of the decoders also have to match the encoder's meaning and judge the gesture to be used naturally in everyday communication.

Front 54

What's a real and invented gesture?

Back 54

Gestures used primarily for games like charades normally are not considered "natural." iNventions and performances that require speech are also eliminated.

Front 55

Illustrator

Back 55

Speech-related gestures. Tied to speech.

Front 56

Postural congruence

Back 56

Matching or "mirroring" behavior involving crossing the legs and/or arms, leaning, head propping, any number of positions. Interactants exhibit the same behavior at the same time. It's observed to occur during periods of more positive speech, rated by observers as an indicator of rapport and cooperation.

Front 57

Five types of touching

Back 57

Functional/professional. Social/polite
Friendship/warmth
Love/intimacy
Sexual arousal

Front 58

How do we attach meaning to touching behavior?

Back 58

Body part touched, how long the touch lasts, the strength of the touch, the method of the touch, frequency of the touch.

Front 59

Emotional contagion

Back 59

Occurs when an emotional experience is triggered as a result of mimicking someone else's behavior. Essential conditions for this process include strongly felt emotions and communicators whoare skilled encoders and decoders.