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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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two most common types of neurodevelopmental disorders
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adhd and learning disorders
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four types of adhd
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-predominantly inattentive type
-predominantly hyperactive/impulsive type -combined type -adhd NOS |
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neuropsychological characteristics of ADHD
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impaired attention functions: difficulty focusing, sustaining, and shifting attention
impaired executive functions: self regulation, planning, organization, monitoring, and inhibiting behavior |
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brain areas that are abnormal in adhd (structure, function)
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prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia(especially caudate nucleus): executive functions
posterior parietal lobes (especially right posterior): attention functions |
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what are the two neurotransmitter systems that underactivity is seen in for ADHD?
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dopamine and nor adrenaline (nor-epinephrene)
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what are the academic achievement criteria for learning disorders?
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-performance on standardized academic achievement tests is substatially below (typically 2 sd) expectations for grade, age, and or IQ
-can be one sd under special circumstances |
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what are the 4 dsm learning disorders
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-reading disorder/ dyslexia
-disorder of written expression -mathematics disorder -learning disorder |
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most common of learning disorders
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dyslexia
note: prevelance of 3 to 6% among school age children, 3 to 4 times more males |
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characteristics of disorder of written expression
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-co-occurs with reading disorder
-difficulty with motor act of writing (agraphia) -deficits in spelling, capitalization, punctuation. use of grammar/syntax. -3 to 4% of school age children (more often boys) |
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mathematics disorder (rourke: nonverbal)
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most rare(1%)
latest identified (2nd or 3rd grade) |
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verbal learning disorders
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problems with reading, spelling, and written expression
rourke adds auditory perception, attention, and memory dysfunction is probably in left hemisphere |
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math learning disorder(rourke: nonverbal)
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numbers learning arithmetic, performing calculations,
rourke adds: tactile and visual spatial perception visual attention and memory expressive use of prosody perceiving and using facial expressions and body language to express emotions trouble relating to peers and adapting to new situations likely right hemisphere issue |
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combined learning disorders
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problems with reading , spelling, writing, and math
bilateral dysfunction |
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neuropathological characteristics of dyslexia
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left cerebral hemisphere surrounding lateral fissure
neuron cell bodies not located in correct layers of cortex neurons did not migrate to correct locations in the cortical layers (occurs during second trimester) |
