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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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scientific method |
observation, replication, interpretation, verification, |
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areas of neuroscience |
molecular, cellular, systems, behavioral, cog |
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egypt beliefs about brain |
knew about brain damage, had hieroglyph, said heart key to soul and memories stores there, discarded the brain |
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hippocrates |
said brain is the center of sensation and intelligence, epilepsy was a brain disease |
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alcmaion of crotona |
described the optic nerve (500BC) |
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plato |
(387BC)believes brain is the center of mental processes |
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aristotle |
(384-322BC) heart was the center intelligence, brain simply cooled the blood |
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Galen |
(AD 130-200) similar view to hippocrates, many dissections, tried to determine the function of the brain structure (doctor to the gladiators, saw lots of body parts) |
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galens belief about memory formation |
beleived that since the cerebrum felt soft, sensations and memory formed here, cerebellum felt hard and thus muscle control here, also that brain receieved sensory info believed nerves were hollow tubes, humors (vital fluids) flowed to brain ventricles |
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descartes |
(1596-1650) believed in fluid-mechanical theory, but that human abilities came form the "mind" which communicated to brain via pineal gland |
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grey matter from white matter, peripheral and central divisions, every brain has some general pattern of gyri and sulci |
17th and 18th century scientists studied the brain in more detail, distinguished... |
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grey matter |
cell bodies |
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white matter |
nerve fibers, make up nerves |
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central sulcus |
in between the frontal and parietal lobe |
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sylvian fissure |
in between the frontal lobe/parietal lobe and temporal lobe |
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nerves as wires: electricity stimulates muscle movement, brain generate electricity |
19th century views on the the brain, galvani and dubios |
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dorsal roots |
spinal information in |
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ventral roots |
motor info out |
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localization of function |
these scientists (broca, fritsch and hitzig, ferrier, munk) who believed in this theory |
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Bell (1811) |
proposed that motor fibers come from cerebellum and sensory fibers go to cerebrum |
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Flourens (1823) |
used experimental ablation to show bells thing was correct believed all parts of the cerebrum contributes to all functions (wrong) |
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Gall (1809) |
believed in phrenology, brain divided into 35 regions (wrong) |
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broca |
believed that different functions localized to different areas |
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fritsch and hitzig |
(used dogs and frogs in 1870) showed specific region of brain controlled movement ferrier did this with monkeys and removal caused paralysis |
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munk |
showed that the occipital lobe required for vision |
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evolution of nervous system |
darwin origin of species, nervous sustems have evolved and are related, different animals better at specific functions |
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various animals good for studying specific aspects of the nervous system |
squid, snail (basic biology of neurons and synaptic transmission cats, primates-visual system rate, mice: neuropharmacology and behavioral studies worm, fruit fly, zebrafish |
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animal testing considerations |
small number actually used, mostly rats and mice major discoveries anternative, anesthia review committees |
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nuerons and glia |
2 major cell types |
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oxygen and glucose |
nervous system uses a large amount of these molecules |
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neurons |
only 10-20% of total cells in the the nervous system 0.01- 0.0 mm in diameter (comparable to other cells) |
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nissl stain |
stains all neurons, but only the cell bodies, stained the rough ER on cells |
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golgi stain |
stains all parts of the neuron, but not every neuron |
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axons and dendrites |
2 types of neurites |
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reticular theory |
golgi supported this theory that neurites fuse together like the circulatory system (exception to the cell theory) |
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cajal |
believed that neurites are not continuous and communicate by contact (mostly correct) |
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soma |
cell body, same as for many cells, 20micrometers, nucleus 5-10 micrometers |
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rough ER |
more of this cell structure is in neurons and glia than most other cells |
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nissl bodies |
rough ERs in the neuron |
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mitochondria |
widespread throughout the cytoplasm and presynaptic region, generates ATP and helps provide for the large energy needed by the brain |
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neuronal membrane |
5nm thick many proteins embedded in it composition of proteins varies from soma, axon, dendrites |
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microtubules, microfilaments, neurofilaments (also called intermediate filaments) |
types of structures that make up the cytoskeleton |
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microtubules |
20nm diameter made of polymers of tubulin not static associated with other proteins (MAPS) tau form seen in alzheimers tangles involved in axoplasmic transport
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microfilaments |
5nm in diameter numerous in neurites made of two thin strands of actin polymers not static closely associated with membrane often in synaptic terminals and dendritic spines |
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neurofilaments |
10nm diameter strong, helps maintain neuronal shape/structure form tangle in alzheimers |
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neurofilaments |
can stain for this when looking for degeneration in the form of tangles in the brain |
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axons |
unique to neurons has NO rough ER, but a few ribosomes must be some ribosomes because some mRNA is transferred to the end of the axon different proteins in the membrane of this than the soma can be 1mm to over a meter long form branches/collaterals (some recurrent)
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axon diameter |
variable in axons, can range from 1um to 25um (1m in squid) thicker=faster nerve impulse |
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axon hillock |
beginning of axon, no ribosomes or any other organelles |
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terminal button/presynaptic axon terminal |
end of the axon no microtubules many synaptic vesicles protein rich many mitochondria |
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synapse |
2 sides pre and post cleft in between, no direct contact many drugs and chemicals act here malfunctions here responsible for many mental disorders
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synaptic tranmission |
mediated by chemical neurotransmitter |
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wallerian degeneration |
decribes that after the axon is cut, everything beyond the cut dies (axons need the cell body/soma to survive) |
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fast axoplasmic transport |
axonal transport that transmits signals 1000mm per day |
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slow axoplasmic transport |
axonal transport that transmits signals at 1-10 mm per day |
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anterograde axonal transport |
axonal transport where kinesin walks down microtubules Uses ATP (fast or slow) |
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retrograde axonal transport |
type of axonal transport along the microtubules uses dynein (fast 50-250mm/day) from end back up |
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retrograde trasnport |
can be used to trace synaptic connections inect dye into brain and two days later has moved along microtubules and back to reveal syntaptic connections and axon branches |
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dendrites |
come in different shapes and sizes covered with 1000s of synapses
contain microtubules (fewer microfilaments) |
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spines |
knobs of sides of dendrites some dendrites covered in these can change structure depending on type and amount of synaptic input where many synapses form correlates between structure and proper function
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number of neurites, shape of dendritic tree, connectivity, axon length, neurotransmitter |
4 ways to classify neurons |
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unipolar neurites |
type of neurite: a single process with peripheral branch and central branch (one end for both receiving and sending from the soma) found in sensory ganglia |
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bipolar neurites |
found in the retina/ olfactory bulb (sensory structures one receiving end and one sending end from the soma |
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multipolar neurites |
have many dendrites, but a single axon
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pyramidal cells and stellate cells |
two types of dendritic structure classes in the brain |
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spiny |
neurons with all pyramidal cell (some stellate) |
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Aspinous neurons |
neurons with some stellate cells |
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stellate cell |
cell with axon with a star shaped dentritic tree (lots of random dendrites |
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pyramidal cells in the cortex |
cells in the cortex with a pyramid shaped cell body and less crazy dendritic tree |
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primary sensory neurons |
category of neurons that receives input from skin, pain receptors etc |
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motor neurons |
category of neurons that are generally in the spine send axon out to the skeletal muscle some are higher up in the brain |
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interneurons |
category of neurons that encompasses most neurons have sensory input into the spine and synapse out to complete the reflex many have GABA |
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golgi type 1 neurons |
characterized by axon length projection neurons extend between brain regions long axons many pyramidal cells |
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golgi type II neurons |
characterized by axon length local circuit neurons connect to neurons in the vicinity short axons stellate cells |
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ACh, glutamate, GABA, serotonin, dopamine, opiods, etc |
some types of neurotransmitters in the brain |
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astroctyes, oligodendroctyes, schwann cells, microglia, ependymal cells |
5 types of glia |
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glia |
most of the cells in the brain, thought to be supportive of neuronal function, some can act as stem cells can support synapse formation |
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astrocytes |
most numerous glia, provide structural support remove nerutrans from synaptic cleft regulate extracellular ion levels can divide (source of majority of brain tumors) express neurotransmitter receptors regulate contents of extracellular space |
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oligodenrocytes and schwann cells |
myelinating glia (2 types) |
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protoplasmic, fibrous, and muller |
two types of astroctyes
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protoplasmic |
type of astrocyte that is in the grey matter and close to neurons, involved in the blood-brain barrier and metabolism |
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fibrous |
type of astrocyte primarily in the white matter repairs damaged tissue, may form scars |
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muller |
type of astrocyte found in the retina |
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oligodendroglia |
in the brain and spinal cord myelinate several axons has to make a lot of myelin to wrap around axons |
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schwann cells |
myelinate only one axon per cell, one per every internode region peripheral nervous system ONLY
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nodes of ranvier |
parts along the axon where Na+ can enter to keep the action potential flowing down the axon myelination helps nothing to leak out except here where you want it to |
