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189 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name 3 things a plant cell has that an animal cell doesn't. |
Vacuole, Cell membrane and Cell wall |
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What does the nucleus do? |
Controls cell activity |
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What is the purpose of the cell membrane? |
Controls entry and exit of substances |
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Give the function of the cytoplasm |
Chemical reactions take place here |
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What are the jobs of ribosomes? |
Place where proteins are made |
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What is the mitochondria? |
Aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondria |
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Give the purpose of the cell wall |
Provides cell with structure and support |
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Why are chloroplasts needed? |
Have chlorophyll which is taken up by light and used for photosynthesis |
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What is the vacuole? |
Contains minerals and sugars |
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What is a fungi cell unable to carry out ? |
Photosynthesis + cant make their own food |
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What is inside a bacterial cell? |
Genetic material (Large ring of DNA) Respiration occurs |
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What is the cell membrane made up of? |
Phosphilipids and proteins |
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Why is the cell membrane selectively permeable? |
To only allow certain things to pass from one side to the other |
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Is this transport across the membrane active or passive? |
Both |
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What does active and passive transport mean? |
Active - Needs energy Passive - Doesn't need energy |
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What is diffusion? |
Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. This is passive |
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Why do cells rely on diffusion? |
Provide them with things they need to live and grow and to get rid of waste. |
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Give 3 types of substances that enter the cell by diffusion |
Oxygen, amino acids and glucose |
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Why does carbon dioxide diffuse out of a cell? |
level of carbon dioxide increases to a higher level than the blood around it. |
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Describe osmosis |
Movement of water from a region of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane |
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What happens to an animal cell when water enters the cell by diffusion? |
It will burst |
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What happens when water leaves the cell by diffusion? |
It will shrivel up |
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When does a cell become plasmolysed? |
Plant cell looses water by diffusion and the vacuole becomes smaller |
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What is stage 2 of mitosis? |
Chromosomes change to chromatids and join at the centromere |
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What is stage 3 of mitosis? |
Nuclear membrane disappears and the chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell |
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When does a cell become turgid? |
When jt gains water by osmosis |
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Give the definition of active transport |
Movement of particles through the cell membrane. They move from a low to a high concentration. |
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What does active transport require? |
Energy |
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What are carrier proteins |
Proteins in the cell membrane |
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What do the particles do during active transport? |
Pick the particles up and carry them along the cell membrane again the concentration gradient |
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Why are chromosomes needed in cell division (mitosis) |
To carry coded genes from one generation cell to the next |
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Why is mitosis important? |
Allows organisms to grow and repair damaged parts. |
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Why is important to keep the number of chromosomes the same? |
The chromosomes have the genetic code of a species. |
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What is stage 1 of mitosis? |
Chromosomes become visible in the nucleus |
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When does a cell become plasmolysed? |
Plant cell looses water by diffusion and the vacuole becomes smaller |
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What is stage 2 of mitosis? |
Chromosomes change to chromatids and join at the centromere |
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What is stage 3 of mitosis? |
Nuclear membrane disappears and the chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell |
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What is stage 4 of mitosis? |
Spindle fibres pull chromatids to opposite ends of cell |
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When does a cell become turgid? |
When jt gains water by osmosis |
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Give the definition of active transport |
Movement of particles through the cell membrane. They move from a low to a high concentration. |
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What does active transport require? |
Energy |
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What are carrier proteins |
Proteins in the cell membrane |
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What do the particles do during active transport? |
Pick the particles up and carry them along the cell membrane again the concentration gradient |
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Why are chromosomes needed in cell division (mitosis) |
To carry coded genes from one generation cell to the next |
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Why is mitosis important? |
Allows organisms to grow and repair damaged parts. |
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Why is important to keep the number of chromosomes the same? |
The chromosomes have the genetic code of a species. |
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What is stage 1 of mitosis? |
Chromosomes become visible in the nucleus |
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When does a cell become plasmolysed? |
Plant cell looses water by diffusion and the vacuole becomes smaller |
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What is stage 2 of mitosis? |
Chromosomes change to chromatids and join at the centromere |
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What is stage 3 of mitosis? |
Nuclear membrane disappears and the chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell |
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What is stage 4 of mitosis? |
Spindle fibres pull chromatids to opposite ends of cell |
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What is stage 5 of mitosis? |
Two daughter cells have been produced |
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When does a cell become turgid? |
When jt gains water by osmosis |
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Give the definition of active transport |
Movement of particles through the cell membrane. They move from a low to a high concentration. |
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What does active transport require? |
Energy |
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What are carrier proteins |
Proteins in the cell membrane |
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What do the particles do during active transport? |
Pick the particles up and carry them along the cell membrane again the concentration gradient |
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Why are chromosomes needed in cell division (mitosis) |
To carry coded genes from one generation cell to the next |
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Why is mitosis important? |
Allows organisms to grow and repair damaged parts. |
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Why is important to keep the number of chromosomes the same? |
The chromosomes have the genetic code of a species. |
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What is stage 1 of mitosis? |
Chromosomes become visible in the nucleus |
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What is stage 6 in mitosis? |
Mitosis starts again |
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What is DNA? |
Chemical messenger that carries genetic information |
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What is DNA? |
Chemical messenger that carries genetic information |
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What are the 2 base pairs? |
G-C T-A |
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What are the 2 strands of DNA called? |
Double stranded helix |
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What are the 2 strands of DNA called? |
Double stranded helix |
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What are proteins made up of? |
Amino acids |
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What are the 2 strands of DNA called? |
Double stranded helix |
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What are proteins made up of? |
Amino acids |
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What is determined by the number and type of amino acids present? |
The structure and function |
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What are the 2 strands of DNA called? |
Double stranded helix |
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What are proteins made up of? |
Amino acids |
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What is determined by the number and type of amino acids present? |
The structure and function |
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Where are DNA molecules found? |
Nucleus |
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What are the 2 strands of DNA called? |
Double stranded helix |
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What are proteins made up of? |
Amino acids |
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What is determined by the number and type of amino acids present? |
The structure and function |
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Where are DNA molecules found? |
Nucleus |
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Why is mRNA needed? |
To take a copy of the complementary code of DNA and take it back to the nucleus and the protein is assembled |
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What are enzymes made of? |
Proteins |
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What are enzymes made of? |
Proteins |
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Why are enzymes biological catalysts? |
To increase the rate of a chemical reaction |
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What are enzymes made of? |
Proteins |
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Why are enzymes biological catalysts? |
To increase the rate of a chemical reaction |
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Why can enzymes be reused? |
Because they remain unchanged after a chemical reaction |
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What are enzymes made of? |
Proteins |
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Why are enzymes biological catalysts? |
To increase the rate of a chemical reaction |
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Why can enzymes be reused? |
Because they remain unchanged after a chemical reaction |
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What do enzymes act upon? |
A specific substrate |
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What are enzymes made of? |
Proteins |
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Why are enzymes biological catalysts? |
To increase the rate of a chemical reaction |
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Why can enzymes be reused? |
Because they remain unchanged after a chemical reaction |
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What do enzymes act upon? |
A specific substrate |
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What is the active site? |
The particular shape the enzyme has. |
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What are enzymes made of? |
Proteins |
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Why are enzymes biological catalysts? |
To increase the rate of a chemical reaction |
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Why can enzymes be reused? |
Because they remain unchanged after a chemical reaction |
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What do enzymes act upon? |
A specific substrate |
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What is the active site? |
The particular shape the enzyme has. |
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What is the active site complementary to? |
The specific substrate |
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What is a synthesis enzyme? |
Build up reaction |
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What is a synthesis enzyme? |
Build up reaction |
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What is a degradation enzyme? |
Breakdown reaction |
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What factors affect enzyme activity? |
Temperature and a suitable PH |
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What factors affect enzyme activity? |
Temperature and a suitable PH |
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What is the optimum temperate? |
The temperature the enzyme works best at |
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What factors affect enzyme activity? |
Temperature and a suitable PH |
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What is the optimum temperate? |
The temperature the enzyme works best at |
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What happens when the temperature reaches above the optimum? |
The enzyme can no longer act upon its substate |
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What factors affect enzyme activity? |
Temperature and a suitable PH |
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What is the optimum temperate? |
The temperature the enzyme works best at |
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What happens when the temperature reaches above the optimum? |
The enzyme can no longer act upon its substate |
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When is a enzyme said to be denatured? |
When the enzyme is permanently changes shape and will no longer work |
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What can be transferred from one cell to another natural? |
Genetic information |
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What is stage 1 of genetic engineering? |
Chromosome is extracted and the gene is identified. |
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What is stage 2 of genetic engineering? |
Gene is cut out from chromosome using enzymes |
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What is stage 3 of genetic engineering? |
Plasmid is extracted |
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What is stage 4 in genetic engineering? |
Plasmid cut open using enzymes. |
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What is stage 5 of genetic engineering? |
Gene sealed into plasmid using enzymes |
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What is stage 6 of genetic engineering? |
Changed plasmid inserted into the cell |
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What is the final stage in genetic engineering? |
Number of cells increase |
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What are the 2 stages called in photosynthesis? |
1.Light reactions 2. Carbon fixation |
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Describe the first stage of photosynthesis |
Light energy from the sun is trapped by chlorophyll and is converted to ATP. Water is split to hydrogen and oxygen |
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Describe the second stage of photosynthesis |
Hydrogen and ATP from stage 1 is used with carbon dioxide to produce glucose in a enzyme controlled process. |
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Describe the second stage of photosynthesis |
Hydrogen and ATP from stage 1 is used with carbon dioxide to produce glucose in a enzyme controlled process. |
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What can the sugar produced at stage 2 of photosynthesis be used for? |
-Energy for respiration - converted to starch - converted to cellulose |
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Describe the second stage of photosynthesis |
Hydrogen and ATP from stage 1 is used with carbon dioxide to produce glucose in a enzyme controlled process. |
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What can the sugar produced at stage 2 of photosynthesis be used for? |
-Energy for respiration - converted to starch - converted to cellulose |
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What are the limiting factors in photosynthesis? |
-Concentration -Light intensity - Temperature |
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Describe the second stage of photosynthesis |
Hydrogen and ATP from stage 1 is used with carbon dioxide to produce glucose in a enzyme controlled process. |
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What can the sugar produced at stage 2 of photosynthesis be used for? |
-Energy for respiration - converted to starch - converted to cellulose |
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What are the limiting factors in photosynthesis? |
-Concentration -Light intensity - Temperature |
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What is respiration? |
The chemical energy in glucose is released by living cells through enzyme controlled reactions |
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Describe the second stage of photosynthesis |
Hydrogen and ATP from stage 1 is used with carbon dioxide to produce glucose in a enzyme controlled process. |
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What can the sugar produced at stage 2 of photosynthesis be used for? |
-Energy for respiration - converted to starch - converted to cellulose |
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What are the limiting factors in photosynthesis? |
-Concentration -Light intensity - Temperature |
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What is respiration? |
The chemical energy in glucose is released by living cells through enzyme controlled reactions |
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What is the structure of ATP? |
Adenosine- pi-pi-pi |
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Describe the second stage of photosynthesis |
Hydrogen and ATP from stage 1 is used with carbon dioxide to produce glucose in a enzyme controlled process. |
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What can the sugar produced at stage 2 of photosynthesis be used for? |
-Energy for respiration - converted to starch - converted to cellulose |
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What are the limiting factors in photosynthesis? |
-Concentration -Light intensity - Temperature |
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What is respiration? |
The chemical energy in glucose is released by living cells through enzyme controlled reactions |
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What is the structure of ATP? |
Adenosine- pi-pi-pi |
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How is ATP formed? |
Using the energy released by the respiration of glucose |
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Describe the second stage of photosynthesis |
Hydrogen and ATP from stage 1 is used with carbon dioxide to produce glucose in a enzyme controlled process. |
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What can the sugar produced at stage 2 of photosynthesis be used for? |
-Energy for respiration - converted to starch - converted to cellulose |
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What are the limiting factors in photosynthesis? |
-Concentration -Light intensity - Temperature |
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What is respiration? |
The chemical energy in glucose is released by living cells through enzyme controlled reactions |
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What is the structure of ATP? |
Adenosine- pi-pi-pi |
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How is ATP formed? |
Using the energy released by the respiration of glucose |
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What happens when ATP breaks down? |
Energy is released along with ADP+pi |
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Describe the second stage of photosynthesis |
Hydrogen and ATP from stage 1 is used with carbon dioxide to produce glucose in a enzyme controlled process. |
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What can the sugar produced at stage 2 of photosynthesis be used for? |
-Energy for respiration - converted to starch - converted to cellulose |
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What are the limiting factors in photosynthesis? |
-Concentration -Light intensity - Temperature |
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What is respiration? |
The chemical energy in glucose is released by living cells through enzyme controlled reactions |
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What is the structure of ATP? |
Adenosine- pi-pi-pi |
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How is ATP formed? |
Using the energy released by the respiration of glucose |
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What happens when ATP breaks down? |
Energy is released along with ADP+pi |
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What can the energy that is realised by ADP+pi be used for? |
-muscle contraction -protein synthesis -cell division |
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What is aerobic respiration? |
If oxygen is available to the cells then respiration will take place |
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What is aerobic respiration? |
If oxygen is available to the cells then respiration will take place |
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Where does aerobic respiration takes place? |
Cytoplasm |
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What is aerobic respiration? |
If oxygen is available to the cells then respiration will take place |
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Where does aerobic respiration takes place? |
Cytoplasm |
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What 3 molecules are needed for aerobic respiration? |
Glucose, pyruvate, carbon dioxide + water |
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What is aerobic respiration? |
If oxygen is available to the cells then respiration will take place |
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Where does aerobic respiration takes place? |
Cytoplasm |
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What 3 molecules are needed for aerobic respiration? |
Glucose, pyruvate, carbon dioxide + water |
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How many ATP molecules are produced at the end of aerobic respiration? |
38 |
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What is aerobic respiration? |
If oxygen is available to the cells then respiration will take place |
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Where does aerobic respiration takes place? |
Cytoplasm |
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What 3 molecules are needed for aerobic respiration? |
Glucose, pyruvate, carbon dioxide + water |
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How many ATP molecules are produced at the end of aerobic respiration? |
38 |
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When does fermentation take place? |
In the absence of oxygen |
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What is aerobic respiration? |
If oxygen is available to the cells then respiration will take place |
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Where does aerobic respiration takes place? |
Cytoplasm |
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What 3 molecules are needed for aerobic respiration? |
Glucose, pyruvate, carbon dioxide + water |
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How many ATP molecules are produced at the end of aerobic respiration? |
38 |
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When does fermentation take place? |
In the absence of oxygen |
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What 3 molecules are needed for fermentation? |
Glucose, pyruvate, lactic acid |
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What is aerobic respiration? |
If oxygen is available to the cells then respiration will take place |
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Where does aerobic respiration takes place? |
Cytoplasm |
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What 3 molecules are needed for aerobic respiration? |
Glucose, pyruvate, carbon dioxide + water |
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How many ATP molecules are produced at the end of aerobic respiration? |
38 |
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When does fermentation take place? |
In the absence of oxygen |
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What 3 molecules are needed for fermentation? |
Glucose, pyruvate, lactic acid |
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How many ATP are at the end of fermentation? |
2 |
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What 3 molecules are needed for fermentation in plant cells? |
Glucose, pyruvate, ethanol+ Carbon dioxide |
