Music 32 Unit 2

Front 1

middle ages period (Europe)

Back 1

450-1150 (also encompasses dark ages, romanesque period, and gothic period)

Front 2

"dark ages" (Europe)

Back 2

began about 450 (beginning of Middle Ages period) with the disintegration of the Roman Empire

Front 3

Romanesque period (Europe)

Back 3

1000-1150 (a part of the middle ages which go from 450-1150)

Front 4

Gothic period (Europe)

Back 4

1150-1450 (the end of the middle ages which go from 450-1150)

Front 5

What was the profession of most important musicians in the middle ages?

Back 5

priests

Front 6

Were woman permitted to sing in the church during the middle ages?

Back 6

NO, women were not permitted to sing in the church during the middle ages.

Front 7

How was most medieval music performed?

Back 7

vocal

Front 8

the organ

Back 8

-at first the organ was a primitive instrument whose keys were operated by heavy blows of the fist
-a prominent church instrument in the middle ages

Front 9

How do we know that instruments were used in the middle ages?

Back 9

from pictures and literary descriptions of the day

Front 10

How did the church view instruments?

Back 10

at first the church frowned on instruments because of their use in pagan rites, but later on the medieval church was ok with music in religious services but only if it was used as discreet accompaniment

Front 11

Describe "Gregorian chant"

Back 11

-set to sacred Latin texts
-retained some elements of the Jewish synagogue of the first centuries after Christ
-was the official music of the Roman Catholic church for more than 1000 years (but is seldom heard to today because the Second Vatican Council of 1962-65 decreed the use of the vernacular in church services)

Front 12

What are the musical qualities of Gregorian chants?

Back 12

-monophonic in texture
-melody sung without accompaniment
-Gregorian chant melodies tend to move stepwise within a narrow range of pitches

Front 13

Gregorian chant is named after Pope Gregory I. Why?

Back 13

Pope Gregory I was credited by medieval legend with having created Gregorian chant, even though it evolved over many centuries

Front 14

What did Pope Gregory the Great actually do?

Back 14

Pope Gregory the Great reorganized the liturgy of the Catholic church during his reign from 590 to 604

Front 15

What were the two types of services where monks and nuns sang?

Back 15

the office and the mass

Front 16

What century are the earliest surviving chant manuscripts from?

Back 16

The earliest surviving chant manuscripts date from about the NINTH CENTURY.

Front 17

the church modes

Back 17

-the basic scales of western music during the middle ages
-like the major and minor scales in that they consist of seven tones an eighth tone that duplicates the first an octave higher

Front 18

"Alleluia"

Back 18

-may be translated as "praise ye the Lord"
-is a Latinized form of the Hebrew hallelujah
-is often used in Gregorian chants
(ALL OF THE ABOVE)**

Front 19

What form is the Gregorian chant "Alleluia: Vidimus stellam" in?

Back 19

ABA

Front 20

Who was Hildegard of Bingen?

Back 20

-the first woman composer to leave a large number of works that have survived
-abbess of the convent at Rupertsberg
-a visionary and mystic active in religious and diplomatic affairs
(ALL OF THE ABOVE)*****

Front 21

Who wrote the earliest extant liturgical morality play, "ordo virtutum (play or the virtues)"

Back 21

Hildegard of Bingen

Front 22

When and by whom was the first large body of secular songs that survived in decipherable notation composed?

Back 22

during the 12th and 13th centuries by troubadours/trouveres (poet-musicians of the French nobility)

Front 23

What are troubadours/trouveres and what did they sing about?

Back 23

-poet-musicians of the French nobility
-sang about love, dancing, the Crusades, spinning
-

Front 24

Who is a famous French woman troubadour?

Back 24

Beatriz de Dia

Front 25

What is missing in the notation of secular songs in the Middle Ages?

Back 25

rhythm

Front 26

What are jongleurs?

Back 26

-wandering minstrels of the Middle Ages
-important sources of information in a time when there were no newspapers
-on the lowest social level
-performed music and acrobatics in castles, taverns, and town squares
-played instrumental dances on harps, fiddles, and lutes

Front 27

What was significant about instrument use in late medieval secular music?

Back 27

Late Medieval secular music made use of every kind of musical instrument.

Front 28

What did Henri de Malines sing as a young student in Paris?

Back 28

Henri de Malines sang monophonic songs in various languages as a young student in paris.

Front 29

what is an estampie?

Back 29

a medieval dance

Front 30

What is a rebec? (melody of estampie played on this instrument)

Back 30

bowed string instrument

Front 31

What was the first step in the transformation of western music/ development of polyphony?

Back 31

the addition of a second melodic line to Gregorian chant

Front 32

When did monks in monastery choirs begin to add a second melodic line to Gregorian chant?

Back 32

700-900

Front 33

What was the first step toward the development of polyphony (700-900)?

Back 33

monks in monastery choirs began to add a second melodic line to Gregorian chant

Front 34

What is the term applied to medieval music that consists of Gregorian chant and one or more additional melodic lines?

Back 34

ORGANUM is the term applied to medieval music that consists of Gregorian chant and one or more additional melodic lines.

Front 35

Between 900-1200 organum became truly polyphonic and the melody added to the chant developed a unique pitch. In 1100 the second line became even more independent. Describe how it changed at this point.

Back 35

it changed rhythmically; the additional melodic was usually much faster than the original chant

Front 36

did medieval music theorists use triads?

Back 36

NO!!!! medieval music theorists considered triads to be dissonant (even though now we consider them the basic consonant)

Front 37

What city was the center of polyphonic music in Europe after 1150?

Back 37

PARIS

Front 38

who were the earliest known composers to write music with measured rhythm?

Back 38

Leonin & Perotin (composers in Paris, them and their followers came to be called the school of Notre Dame)(all of the above)

Front 39

how was most polyphonic music created in medieval times?

Back 39

by placing new melodic lines against known chants

Front 40

what is cantus firmus?

Back 40

the term used for a chant that is used as the basis for polyphony

Front 41

secular music (fourteenth century)

Back 41

(all of the above)
-became more important than sacred music
-was not based on Gregorian chant
-included drinking songs and pieces in which bird calls, dog barks, and shouting hunters are imitated

Front 42

When and why did secular music become more important than sacred music?

Back 42

IN THE 14TH CENTURY
(all of the above) among other reasons because
-the literature of the time stressed earthly sensuality
-rival popes claimed authority at the same time, thereby weakening the authority of the church
-the feudal system had gone into decline

Front 43

What does the term ars nova refer to and what is a major characteristic of it?

Back 43

ars nova, or new art, refers to French and Italian secular music of the fourteenth century; a new system of music notation has evolved and a composer could now specify almost any rhythmic pattern (this was not possible before the ars nova in the 14th century)
-a major characteristic of the ars nova was syncopation
-

Front 44

Who was the most celebrated Italian composer of the fourteenth century?

Back 44

Francesco Landini

Front 45

Francesco Landini's "Ecco la primavera (Spring has come)" is in the poetic and musical form of a ....

Back 45

balata

Front 46

Who was the foremost composer of fourteenth century France and an outstanding composer of the ars nova?

Back 46

Guillaume de Machaut

Front 47

What else was Guillaume de Machaut besides a musician in 14th century France?

Back 47

(all of the above) a court official, poet, and priest

Front 48

What do Guillaume de Machaut's consist partly/mainly of? (secular wise)

Back 48

love songs with instrumental accompaniment

Front 49

What is unique about the "Notre Dame" Mass by Guillaume de Machaut?

Back 49

The "Notre Dame" Mass by Guillaume de Machaut is the first polyphonic treatment of the mass ordinary by a known composer

Front 50

What are the five sung prayers of the mass ordinary?

Back 50

Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei (NOT AVE MARIA!!!!!)

Front 51

wandering minstrels of the middle ages

Back 51

jongleurs

Front 52

poet-musicians of the French nobility

Back 52

trouveres

Front 53

early double-reed woodwind instrument

Back 53

shawm

Front 54

plucked instrument with pear-shaped body and usually a bent neck and fretted fingerboard

Back 54

lute

Front 55

melody sung without accompaniment

Back 55

chant

Front 56

text portions of the Roman Catholic mass which remain the same each day

Back 56

mass ordinary (Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei)

Front 57

text portions of the Roman Catholic mass which change from day to day

Back 57

mass proper

Front 58

reorganizer of the Catholic liturgy

Back 58

Pope Gregory I

Front 59

major composers of the school of Notre Dame

Back 59

Leonin and Perotin

Front 60

an outstanding composer of the ars nova

Back 60

Guillaume de Machaut

Front 61

famous French woman troubador

Back 61

Beatriz de Dia

Front 62

abbess and composer active in the twelfth century

Back 62

Hildegard of Bingen