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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When a drill instructor uses orders, commands, directives and in your face shouts to increase recruiters compliance his approach to motivation relies heavily on |
offering extrinsic incentives |
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from where does a persons high level of intrinisic motivation come |
it emerges spontaneously from psychological needs |
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from where does a persons high level of extrinsic motivation come |
environmental incentives, consequences and rewards |
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which of the following sentences best captures the spirit of extrinsic motivation building high confidence is the antidote to anxiety and avoidance do this in order to get that doing or saying is believing motivation is the joint product of expectancy times value |
do this in order to get that |
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the study of extrinsic motivation revolves around three central concepts. which of the following is not one incentive need punishment reward |
need |
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a ___ is an environmental object that occurs before the start of a sequence of behavior and attracts or repels the individual to engage or not in the behavior |
incentive |
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a ___ is an attractive environmental objext that occurs at the end of a sequence of behaviors and acts to increase the probability that the behavior will recur |
reward |
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a ____ is any offering from one person given to another person in exchange for his or her service or achievement |
reward |
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proponents of operant conditioning endorse the following conceptualization of behavior: S:R>C what does c stand for |
consequence |
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the behavioral view of learning assumes that learning is essentially a change in behavior, and this view emphasizes the effects of ____ as the cause of that learning |
environmental stimuli |
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which is the best characterization (description) of operant conditioning a person performs some action and depending on what happens as a consequence of that action the likelihood of that same behavior occuring again will either increase or decrease automatic responses become associated with new stimuli when they occur at the same time over time and with repeated experience the person changes how to best understand a concept or problem the person is exposed to a great deal of information the person relates the new information to preexisting knowledge and then organizes all the new information in a coherent way |
a person performs some action and depending on what happens as a consequence of that action the likelihood of that same behavior occuring again will either increase or decrease
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why is the first way of offering students a reqard more effective and less harmful than the second way. first way "good job, you improved your penmanship nicely" second way "if you improve your penmanship today, ill give you a reward" |
the first way is very informational; it informs the person's sense of a job well done |
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reinforcement is to ____ as punishment is to _____ |
promoting behavior..suppressing behavior |
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The behavioral act of taking out the garbage in order to stop your roommate's persistent nagging to do so results in _____ for the act of taking out the garbage.
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negative reinforcement |
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Which of the following events increases the future probability of a behavior?
extinction negative reinforcement nonreinforcement punishment |
negative reindorcement |
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Which of the following events leads to the learning of escape and avoidance behaviors?
extinction negative reinforcement positive reinforcement rewards none of the above |
none of the above |
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If a person takes an aspirin and the aspirin makes a headache go away, then the person becomes more likely to take an aspirin for a headache in the future. This example illustrates that the aspirin acts as a(n):
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negative reinforcer |
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A teacher gives a child a time-out for teasing a classmate, and then the time-out succeeds in making the child’s future teasing behavior less likely in the future. This example illustrates that the time-out acts as a(n):
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punisher |
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If a person receives a paycheck for coming to work on time, then the worker becomes more likely to come to work on time in the future. This example illustrates that the paycheck acts as a(n):
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positive reinforcer |
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People experience intrinsic motivation because:
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people have innate psychological needs.
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Which of the following statements is true? Extrinsic rewards: enhance creativity, or cognitive flexibility in general.
successfully help promote autonomous self-regulation. lead learners to seek out and approach optimally challenging versions of the task. shift a learner's attention away from task mastery and toward potential extrinsic gains. |
shift a learner's attention away from task mastery and toward potential extrinsic gains.
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If a person engages in an intrinsically motivating activity and begins to receive extrinsic rewards for doing so, what happens to his or her intrinsic and extrinsic motivations?
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Intrinsic decreases, while extrinsic increases.
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If a musician who enjoys playing music “for fun” begins to receive money for playing music at weddings week after week, what is most likely to happen to his or her intrinsic and extrinsic motivations to play music in the future?
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Intrinsic decreases, while extrinsic increases.
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In the Lepper et al. (1973) study in which children received good player awards for a drawing activity, children in which experimental condition showed the largest decrease in their later intrinsic motivation to draw?
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children in the expected reward condition
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Lepper et al.'s study with preschool children with the drawing activity and good player awards found that the extrinsic reward decreased intrinsic interest only when children received:
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an expected award for drawing.
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Which of the following is a benefit of extrinsic rewards?
Rewards can increase autonomous self-regulation. Rewards can promote conceptual understanding of the information to be learned. Rewards can promote creativity. Rewards make an otherwise uninteresting task suddenly seem worth pursuing. |
Rewards make an otherwise uninteresting task suddenly seem worth pursuing.
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Which statement concerning negative reinforcement and punishment is most true?
They have the same effect on behavior. The first refers to incentives, while the second refers to consequences. They have opposite effects on behavior. They are synonyms—different words for the same concept. |
They have opposite effects on behavior.
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_____ emerges spontaneously from psychological needs, personal curiosities, and innate strivings for growth.
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Intrinsic motivation
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Which of the following statements is not supported by empirical research?
Rewards decrease a learner’s ability to learn factual information. Rewards interfere with quality of learning by narrowing the learner’s attention. Rewards lead learners to quit learning once they attain the extrinsic reward. Rewards make a learner more susceptible to negative emotions like frustration. |
Rewards decrease a learner’s ability to learn factual information.
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Extrinsic rewards do not always undermine intrinsic motivation, as some types of extrinsic rewards are more undermining than other types. All of the following are undermining characteristics of extrinsic rewards, except:
controlling. expected. novel. tangible. |
novel |
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Which one of the following is not a “hidden cost of rewards?”
Rewards tend to undermine goal-directed effort. Rewards tend to undermine intrinsic motivation. Rewards tend to undermine the development of autonomous self-regulation Rewards tend to undermine conceptual understanding and the quality of learning. |
Rewards tend to undermine goal-directed effort.
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According to Deci and Ryan's cognitive evaluation theory, all extrinsic events have two functional aspects: a controlling aspect and an informational aspect. To say that an external event is controlling means that it:
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coerces a person into doing some particular act.
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Which type of motivation is most closely associated with the following orientation: “Do this in order to get that,” where the “this” is the requested behavior?
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extrinsic motivation
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Which of the following is not an assumption of cognitive evaluation theory?
All external events have a controlling aspect. All external events have an informational aspect. All external events promote intrinsic motivation. All people possess psychological needs for competence and autonomy. |
All external events promote intrinsic motivation.
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According to Deci and Ryan's cognitive evaluation theory, all extrinsic events have two functional aspects: a controlling aspect and an informational aspect. To say that an external event is informational means that it:
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communicates either a job done well or a job done poorly.
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Which of the following ways of delivering praise best supports the intrinsic motivation of the other person? Saying:
Good job, you improved by 10%. Good job, but you must try harder next time. Good job, please keep it up because you make me so proud. Good job, you did just what you were supposed to do. |
Good job, you improved by 10%.
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In understanding how interpersonal competition affects people’s intrinsic motivation, each of the following statements is true, except:
Competition undermines intrinsic motivation when the social context pressures people to win .Losing in competition undermines intrinsic motivation because of its effect on decreasing the person’s sense of competence. People experience high intrinsic motivation in competition when competition allows them to feel both highly autonomous and highly competent. People who win in a high-pressure competition show high intrinsic motivation |
People who win in a high-pressure competition show high intrinsic motivation
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According to self-determination theory, what type of motivation explains the student's effort in school when the student says, "I try so hard so the teacher won’t yell at me."?
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external regulation
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According to self-determination theory, what type of motivation explains the student's effort in school when the student says, "I try so hard so I won’t feel guilty or ashamed of myself."?
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introjected regulation
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According to self-determination theory, what type of motivation explains the student's effort in school when the student says, "I try so hard because my school work is an important and valuable thing to do."?
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identified regulation
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According to self-determination theory, the motivation that needs to be most enhanced in asking another person to engage in an uninteresting but important activity (e.g., recycling, cleaning) is to promote:
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identified regulation.
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An externally provided rationale works as a motivational strategy during an uninteresting activity because it can:
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increase internalization, valuing, and identified regulation.
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The most effective way to motivate others to put forth effort and high engagement on an inherently uninteresting activity is to offer them a(n):
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reward.
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A person with high interest in an activity will show greater ___ than will a person with lower interest in that same task.
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on-task attention
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___is triggered by appealing external events and exists as a short-term attraction to an activity; ___ is a more stable and content-specific attraction to that same activity.
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situational interest; individual interest
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