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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the innate immune system |
The natural immunity your body has that was given to you at birth |
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What are the defense mechanisms of innate immunity |
Skin (sloughs off cells),
lining of GI respiratory tract and urinary tract epithelial cells that secrete anti microbial peptides (sweat, mucus,salvia) Normal microbiome
** should know all 4** |
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How does inflammation begin? |
Cellular injury or pathogenic invasion (infection) |
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Inflammation activates what three different types of pathways? |
-mast cell degranulation
-Activation of plasma systems
-release of cellular products |
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What are the hallmark clinical manifestations of inflammation? |
-vasodilation (warmth) -vascular permeability (edema) -cellular infiltration (pus) -thrombosis (clots) -stimulation of nerve endings (pain) |
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Second line of defense is the _____________ ____________ and its rxn is _____________. |
Inflammatory response; nonspecific rxn |
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What are the goals of inflammation? |
-limit and control inflammatory process -prevent and limit infection and further damage -initiate the adaptive response -initiate healing |
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What are the 3 protein plasma systems? |
Complement system, clotting system, Kinin system |
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The clotting system activates factor _____ to activate factor ____ to cause thrombin to encourage what? |
Factor 12a; Factor 10; fibrinogen into fibrin |
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The clotting system activates factor _____ to activate factor ____ to cause thrombin to encourage what? |
Factor 12a; Factor 10; fibrinogen into fibrin |
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Fibrinogen cause what to happen? |
Fibrin production—-> clotting Leukocyte migration Increased permeability (for leukocyte migration) |
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The classical pathway is |
Antibody antigen |
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Alternative pathway |
Bacterial endotoxins |
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Lectins pathway |
Manniose binding lectin (MBL) |
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What are the final results of complement system? |
-increase phagocytosis -release of mast cells -increase permeability -leukocyte migration -membrane attack complex |
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C3b uses __________ to ________ |
Opsonin to coat cell and increase phagocytosis |
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C3a uses _____________ to _________ |
Anaphylaxtoxins to induce rapid degranulation of masts cells |
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C5a uses __________ to _________ |
Anaphylaxtoxin to increase leukocytes migration |
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C5 b causes |
Damage to bacterium — membrane attack |
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The complement system is best at attacking |
Bacterial infections |
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Kinin system is where you experience |
Pain |
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Prekallikrein leads to ________ which leads to _______ which leads to _________ |
Prekallikrein——kallikrein ——kininogen ——bradykinin |
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Bradykinin can cause |
Histamine like effects of vascular permeability and nerve stimulating pain |
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The Kinin system is activated when ___________ through the _________pathway |
Hageman factor ——> Factor 12a; intrinsic pathway |
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Chemokines |
Synthesize by cells (marcophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells) in response to pro inflammatory cytokines
Induce chemotaxis to promote phagocytosis |
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Interleukins ( IL) |
Produced by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to stimuli |
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IL-1 is …. |
Pro inflammatory |
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IL- 10 is |
Anti inflammatory |
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Cytokines activate and cause what inflammatory processes? |
-vasodilation -vascular permeability -pain -systemic effects -limit inflammation -immune response -repair and heal -phagocytosis |
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What are the three types of granulocytes |
Basophils, neutrophil, eosinophil |
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Mast cells are |
Cellular bags of granules in loose connective tissue close to blood vessels
-Contains histamine, cytokines, and chemotaxic factors |
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Basophils |
Found in Blood and probably function like mast cells??? Lolol |
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Histamine |
Vasoactive amine—-rapid construction of large blood vessels and dilation of venues |
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The degranulation of mast cells causes |
Chemotactic factors—> increase neutrophil and eosphil
Histamine release —-> vascular effects |
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H1 receptor? And where are they present ? |
Pro inflammatory Smooth muscle cells of bronchu |
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H2 receptor? Where are they present? |
Anti inflammatory Present in parietal cells of stomach |
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Synthesis of mast cells cause |
Platelet activating factors, vascular permeability, pain |
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Prostaglandins induce |
Vascular effects and pain response |
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Leukotrines are the product of __________ ________ and also act like ________ to create _________ |
Arachnoidnic acid; histamines —> vascular effects |
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Natural Killer cells do what to infected cells? NK inhibit and activate receptors to allow ________ between normal and abnormal |
Recognize and eliminate infected cells
Differentiation |
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NK produce what |
Cytokines and toxic molecules |
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What are the principle cells of adaptive immunity |
NK cells and lymphocytes |
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What is fever caused by |
Exogenous and endogenous PYROGENS that act directly on hypothalamus |
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Serous exudate is ? And indicates? |
Watery exudate; indicates EARLY inflammation |
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Fibrinous exudate is? Indicates what? |
Fibrinous is thick clotted exudate; indicates ADVANCE inflammation |
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Purulent exudate is? Indicates what? |
Pus; indicates bacterial infection |
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Hemorrhagic exudate is? Indicates what? |
Contains blood; indicates bleeding |
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Chronic inflammation is inflammation longer than |
2 weeks |
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What are the causes for chronic inflammation? |
-unsuccessful acute inflammatory response (has pus and incomplete wound healing) -high lipid and wax content
-pathogen able to survive macrophages -physical irritants cause lack of healing |
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Chronic inflammation causes… |
-persistent acute inflammation -decrease neutrophil degranulation and death -lymphocyte activation -fibroblast (scar tissue) |
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What are the characteristics of chronic inflammation? |
-dense infiltration of lymphocytes and monocytes -granuloma formation -epithilod cell formation -giant cell formation |
