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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The genetic material in bacteria is
a. double-stranded DNA b. double-stranded RNA c. single-stranded DNA d. single-stranded RNA e. either A or B |
a.
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DNA replication in bacteria begins at
a. a single origin and proceeds in one direction b. a single origin and proceeds in both directions c. two origins and proceeds in one direction d. many origins and proceeds in one direction |
b.
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DNA replication is said to be
a. dispersive b. semi-conservative c. conservative d. liberal e. none of the above |
b.
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True/False DNA replication does not require a template
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False
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True/False The bacterial chromosome is linear
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False
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During which of these phases of the cell cycle are sister chromatids visible by light microscopy?
a. Interphase b. Late telophase c. Early prophase d. Metaphase |
d.
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What is the primary distinctive feature of METAPHASE of mitosis?
a. Sister chromatids separate; new independent chromosomes travel to opposite poles of the cell b. Condensation of chromosomes occurs c. Chromosomes are aligned at the center of the cell d. Nuclear membrane reforms and chromosomes decondense |
c.
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Growth factor receptors are typically found in the
a. cell membrane b. cytoplasm c. nucleus d. mitochondria e. Golgi apparatus |
a.
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If the protein retinoblastoma is ___________, it can bind to and ___________ the Myc protein
a. phosphorylated; activate b. phosphorylated; inactivate c. dephosphorylated; activate d. dephosphorylated; inactivate e. either B or C |
d.
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Which of the following statements about the Myc protein is true?
a. It binds to DNA b. It activates the transcription of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases c. It promotes cell division d. A and B e. A, B and C |
e.
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True/False Binding of a growth factor to its receptor, usually sets in motion an intracellular cascade of protein phosphorylations
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True
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True/False The dephosphorylated form of retinoblastoma protein promotes cell division
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False
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The basic subunit of chromatin is
a. DNA b. nucleosome c. histone proteins d. HO gene e. histone acetyltransferase |
b.
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The success of DNA replication is assessed during the ___ phase
a. G1 b. M c. C d. S e. G2 |
e.
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The cell cycle is regulated by checkpoints during the ____ phases
a. G1, S, and G2 b. G1, S and C c. G1, G2, and M d. G1, S and M e. G1, S, G2 and M |
c.
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A eukaryotic cell that receives a "go-ahead" signal at the G1 checkpoint of the cell cycle will
a. complete the cycle and divide b. move directly into the M phase c. move directly into the G2 phase d. enter a resting stage e. stop growing |
a.
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True/False Preparation for cell division occurs in the G2 phase
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True
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True/False After cytokinesis, the cell enters the G1 phase
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True
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The portion of a eukaryotic chromosome that is not transcribed into RNA; remains condensed in interphase and stains intensely in histological preparations
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heterochromatin
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The portion of a eukaryotic chromosome that is transcribed into mRNA; contains active genes that are not tightly condensed during interphase
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euchromatin
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Any of eight proteins with an overall positive charge that associate in a complex. The DNA duplex coils around a core of eight histone proteins, held together by its negatively charged phosphate groups, forming a nucleosome
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histone protein
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A complex consisting of a DNA duplex wound around a core of eight histone proteins
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nucleosome
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A protein complex involved in condensation of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis. Used as a scaffold of proteins which condenses chromosomes in radial loops.
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condensin
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Having only one set of chromosomes
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Haploid
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Having two sets of chromosomes; in animals, twice the number characteristic of gametes; in plants, the chromosome number characteristic of the sporophyte generation; in contrast to haploid
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Diploid
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Refers to a pair of the same kind of chromosome in a diploid cell
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homologous
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One of a pair of chromosomes of the same kind located in a diploid cell; one copy of each pair of homologous comes from each gamete that formed the zygote
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homologue
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A protein complex that holds sister chromatids together during cell division. The loss of this protein at the centromere through separase enzyme allows the anaphase movement of chromosomes
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cohesin
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One of the two daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome that is joined by a single centromere
(think "sister") |
chromatid
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The period between two mitotic or meiotic divisions in which a cell grows and its DNA replicates
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Interphase
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The stage of the cell cycle occupied by cells that are not actively dividing.
What types of cells are these called? |
G0
senescent |
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A visible point of construction on a chromosome that contains repeated DNA sequences that bind specific proteins. These proteins make up the kinetochore to which microtubules attach during cell division
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centromeres
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Discshaped protein structure within the centromere to which the spindle fibers attach during mitosis or meiosis.
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Kinetochores
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The process during the G2 phase of mitosis during which chromosomes become tightly coiled and visible.
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condensation
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A cytoplasmic organelle located outside the nuclear membrane, divides and organizes spindle fibers during mitosis and meiosis
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centrioles
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Globular protein subunit forming the hollow cylinder of microtubules, centrioles are composed of this
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tubulin
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The phase of cell division that begins when the condensed chromosomes become visible and ends when the nuclear envelope breaks down. The assembly of the spindle takes place in this stage.
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Prophase
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The structure composed of microtubules radiating from the poles of the dividing cell that will ultimately guide the sister chromatids to the two poles
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spindle apparatus
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The transitional phase during which the spindle attaches to the kinetochores of sister chromatids
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prometaphase
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The stage of mitosis or meiosis during which microtubules become organized into a spindle and the chromosomes come to lie in the spindle's equatorial plane
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metaphase
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In mitosis and meiosis II, the stage initiated by the separation of sister chromatids, during which the daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell; in meiosis I, maked by separation of replicated homologous chromosomes
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anaphase
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The phase of cell division during which the spindle breaks down, the nuclear envelope of each daughter cell forms, and the chromosomes uncoil and become diffuse.
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telophase
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Division of the cytoplasm of a cell after nuclear division
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Cytokinesis
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The constriction that forms during cytokinesis in animal cells that is responsible for dividing the cell into two daughter cells.
What protein causes constriction? |
cleavage furrow
actin |
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The structure that forms at the equator of the spindle during early telophase in the dividing cells of plants and a few green algae.
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Cell plate
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Any of a number of proteins that are produced in synchrony with the cell cycle and combine with certain protein kinases, the cyclin-dependent kinases, at certain points during cell division
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cyclin
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Any group of protein kinase enzymes that control progress through the cell cycle. These enzymes are only active when complexed with cyclin.
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Cyclin dependent kinase
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The primary control point at which a cell "decides" whether or not to divide. Also called START and the restriction point.
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G1/S checkpoint
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The second cell-division control point, at which division can be delayed if DNA has not been properly replicated or is damaged.
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G2/M checkpoint
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Which of the following represents the correct order of the phases of the cell cycle?
a. G1--G2--S--M b. G1--G2--M--S c. G1--S--G2--M d. G1--S--M--G2 e. G1--M--G2--S |
c.
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The division of the cytoplasm is called
a. synapsis b. mitosis c. meiosis d. cytokinesis e. cytogenetics |
d.
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Which of the following represents the correct order of the phases of mitosis?
a. prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase b. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase c. prophase, metaphase, telophase, anaphase d. metaphase, prophase, telophase, anaphase e. metaphase, prophase, anaphase, telophase |
b.
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True/False DNA replication occurs in mitosis
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False- S phase of interphase
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True/False Mitosis and cytoplasmic division result in the formation of two genetically identical cells
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True
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The sister chromatids separate during ______ of mitosis
a. telophase b. metaphase c. anaphase d. interphase e. prophase |
b.
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The chromosomes start to condense as the cell enters ________ of mitosis.
a. interphase b. S phase c. anaphase d. metaphase e. cytokinesis |
a.
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The _________ serve(s) to identify the two poles of the cell during mitosis.
a. kinetochores b. centromeres c. metaphase plate d. nuclear envelope e. centrosomes |
e.
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True/False The kinetochore connects the microtubules to the centromere of the sister chromatids
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True
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True/False Replication of the DNA occurs prior to the start of mitosis
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True
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Which of the following events do NOT occur in prophase of mitosis?
a. DNA condenses to form chromosomes b. nuclear membrane breaks down c. nucleolus breaks down d. chromosomes are replicated e. mitotic spindle begins to form |
d.
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The mitotic spindle fibers attach to chromosomes via special structures termed:
a. centrioles b. asters c. kinetochores d. centromeres e. keratins |
c.
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Which of the following statements about microtubules during anaphase is TRUE?
a. those attached to chromosomes elongate, while those that are unattached shorten b. those attached to chromosomes shorten, while those that are unattached elongate c. both attached and unattached microtubules shorten d. both attached and unattached microtubules elongate e. both attached and unattached microtubules elongate at first and then shorten |
b.
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True/False Centromeres divide during metaphase.
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False
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True/False Cytokinesis in plant cells occurs by means of a cleavage furrow.
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False
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In 1986, an accident at a nuclear power plant in Chernobyl, USSR, released a large amount of radioactive material. Thyroid cancer rates in children ages 9-15 in 1995 were 30x higher than during the decade prior to the incident. What type of mutation is the most likely cause of the increased rate of thyroid cancer?
a. Missense mutation b. Germline mutation c. Somatic mutation d. Spontaneous mutation |
c.
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The process of creating two chromosomes from an original template is termed
a. Transcription b. Translation c. Septumation d. Fission e. Replication |
e.
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Eukaryote chromosomes have two ______ and one _________ while they, along with bacteria, contain many __________.
a. centrosomes...nucleus...cells b. telomeres...centromere...nucleotides c. sister chromatids...DNA strands...nuclei d. nucleotides...cell...sister chromatids e. centromeres...cell...telomeres |
b.
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If the cell contains some arbitrary amount of material at the G2 phase of growth (say it's equal to 1 D, which stands for DNA density), how much is in the cell immediately after the S phase that follows? (p. 191)
a. 1/3 D b. 1/2 D c. 1D d. 2D e. 4D |
d.
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Although all the DNA in a chromosome has been completely replicated after the S phase of the cell cycle, the centromere is a single unit that holds sister chromatids together until after cell division. Which protein holds the sister chromatids together at the centromere region? (p. 192)
a. cohesin b. adhesin c. centromerin d. glycolipid e. kinetochore |
a.
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A cell described as 2N (diploid) with a chromosome content of 14 (15 chromosomes) is undergoing cell division. The convention is to say "the cell is 2N=14". An easy way to determine the number of chromosomes is to just count the number of centromeres. Which is the best description of this cell at anaphase? (p. 195)
a. 4N=28 b. 2N=7 c. N=7 d. 2N=14 e. it is impossible to tell |
a.
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What happens if mitosis occurs without cytokinesis?
a. a multinucleate situation occurs b. the cells die c. the cells will lose some of their chromosomes d. cancer is a likely result due to the excessive number of genes in the cell e. a new species can arise |
a.
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Which term best describes how bacteria divide?
a. binary fission b. mononuclear fusion c. meiosis d. mitosis e. septum lysis |
a.
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A visual arrangement of all the chromosomes in a cell is called a
a. sister chromatid b. replicon c. karyotype d. mitotic bundle e. divisosome |
c.
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True/False The cell spends most of its time in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
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True
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What is the name for the position at which the chromosome is constricted so that the sister chromatids are manipulated as a unit?
a. centrosome b. telomere c. kinetochore d. centromere e. cohesion |
d.
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A cell described as 2N (diploid) with a chromosome content of 14 (14 chromosomes) is undergoing cell division. The convention is to say "the cell is 2N=14". An easy way to determine the number of chromosomes is to just count the number of centromeres. Which is the best description of a diploid cell at metaphase? (p. 193)
a. 4N=28 b. 2N=7 c. N=7 d. 2N=14 e. it is impossible to tell from the information given |
d.
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Why is cell division in plants so different from that in animals?
a. Plants are unrelated to animals, so they have evolved different ways for their cells to divide b. Animals use their kinetic energy of motion to coax the cells into splitting c. The cell wall on around each plant cell prevents constriction of the plasma membrane to cause the cells to divide d. Animals lack cellulose, and so a different method of splitting the cells had to be devised e. Organelles won't be properly positioned in plants because they are static, unchanging creatures |
c.
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What does cyclin do?
a. it targets disease and causes "sick" cells to destroy themselves. b. It accumulates so the cell can assess how much of it there is. This can stimulate cell division. c. cyclin is involved in repair of mutated genetic loci. d. cyclin proteins bind to mistakes in the DNA to trigger repair enzymes e. it's an inhibitor protein to prevent cells from dividing too quickly. As its concentration decreases, cells tend to divide more frequently. |
b.
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Three major checkpoints occur in the cell cycle at which time conditions are checked before continuation to the next phase. Which transition does not contain a major checkpoint?
a. G2/M b. G1/S c. S/G2 d. Metaphase/Anaphase |
c.
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Cohesin complexes
a. mediate the condensation of chromosomes b. promote the relaxation of chromosomes c. hold a chromosome's sister chromatids together d. allow crossing-over between homologous chromosomes e. facilitate the chromosome's binding to the nuclear membrane |
c.
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The arms of the sister chromatids dissociate from each other during ______ of mitosis.
a. prophase b. interphase c. metaphase d. anaphase e. telophase |
d.
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The sister chromatids of a chromosome fully separate during _______ of mitosis.
a. prophase b. interphase c. metaphase d. anaphase e. telophase |
d.
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True/False Cohesin complexes associate with the chromosomes after chromosome condensation has taken place
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False
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True/False The cohesin complexes of the centromeric region are the last ones to be degraded.
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True
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Which of the following is NOT involved in binary fission in prokaryotes?
a.Replication of DNA b.Elongation of the cell c.Separation of daughter cells by septum formation d.Assembly of the nuclear envelope |
d.
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Chromatin is composed of—
a. RNA and protein b. DNA and protein c. sister chromatids d. chromosomes |
b.
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What is a nucleosome?
a. It is a region in the cell’s nucleus that contains euchromatin. b. It is a region of DNA wound around a collection of histone proteins. c. It is a region of a chromosome made up of multiple loops of chromatin. d. It is 30-nm fiber found in chromatin. |
b.
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How do sister chromatids differ from homologous chromosomes?
a. Sister chromatids only represent the maternal genetic contribution. b. Homologous chromosomes are exact copies, but sister chromatids are just similar. c. Homologous chromosomes are similar, but sister chromatids are exact copies. d. Sister chromatids represent only half the genetic information stored in a chromosome. |
c.
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What is the role of cohesin proteins in cell division?
a. They organize the DNA of the chromosomes into highly condensed structures. b. They hold the DNA of the sister chromatids together. c. They help the cell divide into two daughter cells. d. They hold the microtubules onto the chromosome. |
b.
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Replication of the organelles of the eukaryotic cell occurs during—
a. interphase b. G1 c. S d. G2 |
d.
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Replicated copies of each chromosome are called_______ and are connected at the _________.
a. homologues; centromere b. sister chromatids; kinetochores c. sister chromatids; centromere d. homologues; kinetochore |
c.
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Kinetochores are associated with which of the following on a sister chromatid?
a. Centromere b. Centriole c. Condensation d. Cohesion |
a.
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Separation of the sister chromatids and elongation of the cell occurs during—
a. prophase b. prometaphase c. anaphase d. telophase |
c.
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Why is cytokinesis an important part of cell division?
a. It is responsible for the proper separation of genetic information. b. It is responsible for the proper separation of the cytoplasmic contents. c. It triggers the movement of a cell through the cell cycle. d. It is responsible for the elongation of the cell. |
b.
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At which stage in the cell cycle does a cell make a commitment to undergo cell division?
a. At the G1/S checkpoint b. At the G2/M checkpoint c. At the spindle checkpoint d. At cytokinesis |
a.
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How is the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk’s) regulated?
a. Presence or absence of cyclins b. Phosphorylation c. Growth factors d. All of the above |
d.
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